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Neurology > Neurology: Eye Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Neurology: Eye Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball?

A

Fibrous coat, vascular coat, sensory coat

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2
Q

What is the fibrous coat of the eyeball made up of?

A

Sclera and cornea

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3
Q

What are the three components of the vascular coat of the eyeball?

A

Choroid, ciliary body and iris

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4
Q

What makes up the sensory coat of the eyeball?

A

The retina

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5
Q

Where does the retina end at the equator?

A

Ora serrata

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6
Q

Which part of the eyeball do the muscles attach?

A

Sclera

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7
Q

Why is the cornea transparent?

A

As the fibres are very regularly arranged

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8
Q

What does the choroid do?

A

Supplies blood to the outer layers of the retina

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9
Q

What are the two main functions of the ciliary body?

A

Suspends the lens and produces aqueous humor

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10
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body muscle?

A

Changes the shape of the lens

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11
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Controls the diameter of the pupil (amount of light let in)

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12
Q

What is the lens suspended by?

A

Suspensory ligaments from the ciliary body

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13
Q

Is the lens biconvex or biconcave?

A

Biconvex

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14
Q

What is the anterior segment of the eye filled with?

A

Aqueous humor

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15
Q

What is the posterior segment of the eye filled with?

A

Vitreous humor

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16
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior segments of the eye?

A

The lens

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17
Q

What is the role of aqueous humor?

A

To maintain intraocular pressure

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18
Q

What is the role of vitreous humor?

A

Helps cushion the retina and stops it from getting detached from the choroid

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19
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye?

A

The iris

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20
Q

Where does aqueous humor drain to?

A

Angle of the anterior chamber of the eye

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21
Q

What is the route of the aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary body -> posterior segment -> comes out through pupil -> anterior segment -> angle of the anterior chamber

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22
Q

What is the drainage system in the angle of the anterior chamber called?

A

Trabecular meshwork

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23
Q

What is the canal called which drains aqeuous humor from the trabecular meshwork?

A

Schlemm’s canal

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24
Q

What fissures separates the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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25
What are the three openings in the bony orbit in the sphenoid bone?
Optic foramen Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure
26
Why are the medial and inferior walls of the orbit particularly weak?
They are close to the air sinuses
27
What is the plate deep to orbicularis oculi?
Tarsal plate
28
What are the glands within the tarsal plate called?
Meibomian glands
29
Why does the conjunctiva not cover the cornea?
As the conjunctiva is very vascular, don't want this in front of transparent cornea
30
What is the supply of the lacrimal gland?
Parasympathetic from facial nerve
31
Where do the lacrimal gland ducts open into?
Conjunctival sac
32
Where do tears drain to?
Punctae on the medial side of each eyelid
33
Where do tears drain into from the punctae?
Lacrimal sac
34
Where does the lacrimal sac drain to?
Nasolacrimal duct into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity
35
What are the two classes of ocular muscles?
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
36
What are the intrinsic eye muscles?
Ciliaris muscle, constrictor pupillae and dilator pupillae
37
What is the action of ciliaris muscle?
Focusing (accomodation)
38
What are the cornea and sclera made from?
Collagen
39
What is the approximate pressure in the eyeball?
21mmHg
40
What is the muscle that elevates the upper eyelid?
Levator palpabrae superioris
41
What muscle is found in the eyelid and helps to close the eye?
Orbicularis oculi
42
What is orbicularis oculi supplied by?
Facial nerve
43
Where is the lacrimal gland located?
Roof of the orbit
44
Where are the intrinsic ocular muscles?
Either in the iris or ciliary body
45
What is the ciliaris muscle innerved by?
Oculomotor nerve III (Parasympatheic)
46
How are the constrictor pupillae muscles arranged?
Circularly
47
How are the dilator pupillae muscles arranged?
Radially
48
How is the constrictor pupillae muscle innervated?
Oculomotor nerve III (parasympathetic)
49
How is the dilator pupillae muscle innervated?
Sympathetic from plexus around blood vessels
50
What are the four straight muscles of the eye?
Medial rectus Lateral rectus Inferior rectus Superior rectus
51
What are the two oblique muscles of the eye?
Inferior oblique | Superior oblique
52
How is the superior oblique muscle attached to the orbit?
Trochlea
53
What do the recti muscles of the eye arise from?
Annular fibrous ring at the apex of the orbit
54
What is the only muscle of the eye to arise anteriorly?
Inferior oblique
55
What is the muscle that lies just about the superior rectus muscle?
Levator palpabrae superioris (LPS)
56
What muscle does the trochlear nerve (IV) innervate?
Superior oblique (SO)
57
What muscle does the abducent nerve (VI) innervate?
Lateral rectus (LR)
58
What is the acronym for remembering the two muscles that are innervated differently to the rest of the eye?
SO4LR6
59
What is the nerve which innervates all but two of the muscles of the eye?
Oculomotor (III)
60
What is the optic nerve: motor or sensory?
Sensory (special)
61
How does the optic nerve leave the orbit?
Optic foramen
62
What is the only cranial nerve which emerges from the posterior aspect of the brainstem?
Trochlear (IV) nerve
63
How do cranial nerves III, IV and VI enter the orbit?
Superior orbital fissure
64
Where does the general sensory innervation for the face come from?
Trigeminal nerve (V1 and V2)
65
Where does the orbit of the eye get its general sensory innervation from?
Opthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve
66
How does the ophthalmic division of trigeminal enter the orbit?
Superior orbital fissure
67
What does the ophthalmic division of trigeminal divide into?
Frontal branch Lacrimal branch Nasociliary nerve
68
Branches of what artery supply the eye?
Ophthalmic artery
69
What is the ophthalmic artery a branch of?
Internal carotid artery
70
What gives off the central retinal artery?
Ophthalmic artery
71
What artery is in the centre of the optic nerve?
Central retinal artery
72
What do the short posterior ciliary arteries supply?
Posterior part of the choroid and outer retina
73
What does the long posterior ciliary artery supply?
Anterior choroid, ciliary body and iris
74
Is the optic disk of the eye on the nasal or temporal side?
Nasal
75
What are the four quadrants of the eye?
Upper nasal Lower nasal Upper temporal Lower temporal
76
What is the venous drainage of the eye?
Superior ophthalmic and inferior ophthalmic veins
77
Where do the ophthalmic veins drain to?
Cavernous sinus
78
Where is the cavernous sinus?
Immdiately posterior to the apex of the orbit
79
Which artery lies partly inside the cavernous sinus?
Internal carotid artery
80
How many layers does the cornea have?
5
81
What are the five layers of the cornea?
``` Epithelium Bowman's membrane Stroma Descemet's layer Endothelium ```
82
What type of epithelium does the cornea have?
Non-keratinised stratified squamous
83
Why is the stroma of the cornea transparent?
No blood vessels Regularly arranged collagen Endothelial cell layer pumps aqueous humour out
84
Which layer of the retina are the rods and cones found in?
2nd layer
85
Which layer of the retina is the nerve fibre layer?
9th layer
86
Which layer of the retina is the pigment epithelial layer?
1st layer
87
Why is the pigment epithelial layer being next to the layer with the rods and cones important?
Macular degeneration = degeneration of the pigment epithelial layer leads to destruction of the rods and cones
88
Where is the concentration of cones the highest on the retina?
Fovea centralis
89
Where is the point of maximum visual acuity on the retina?
Fovea centralis - packed with cones
90
What is lens opacification called?
Cataracts
91
How many layers does the typical tear film have?
3
92
What are the three layers of the tear film?
Mucous layer - overlying corneal epithelium Aqueous layer Oily layer - most superficial
93
What is refraction?
When light rays bend to form a sharp image on the retina
94
What is it called when light rays bend to form a sharp image on the retina?
Refraction
95
What is accommodation?
How we can focus on far off or near objects by changing how much we bend the light rays?
96
What is it called when we can focus on far off or near objects by changing how much we bend the light rays?
Accommodation
97
What is it called when there is a mismatch between how much we bend light rays?
Refractive errors
98
Which components of the eye are transparent to allow light to fall on the retina?
Cornea, aqueous humour, lens, vitreous humour
99
Which parts of the eye are involved in bending the light before it hits the retina?
Cornea and lens
100
What three things happen simultaneously for accommodation to happen?
1. Lens thickens and more spherical 2. Pupil constricts 3. Eyes converge
101
What muscles do we use for the eyes to converge?
Medial rectus on both sides
102
Which are thicker: medial or lateral recti?
Medial recti
103
Where are the constrictor papillae and dilator papillae muscles found?
Iris
104
What does the conjunctiva NOT cover?
The cornea
105
What is the uvea?
Ciliary body, choroid, iris

Neurology (9 decks)

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