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Neurology > Neurology: Eye Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Neurology: Eye Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball?

A

Fibrous coat, vascular coat, sensory coat

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2
Q

What is the fibrous coat of the eyeball made up of?

A

Sclera and cornea

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3
Q

What are the three components of the vascular coat of the eyeball?

A

Choroid, ciliary body and iris

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4
Q

What makes up the sensory coat of the eyeball?

A

The retina

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5
Q

Where does the retina end at the equator?

A

Ora serrata

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6
Q

Which part of the eyeball do the muscles attach?

A

Sclera

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7
Q

Why is the cornea transparent?

A

As the fibres are very regularly arranged

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8
Q

What does the choroid do?

A

Supplies blood to the outer layers of the retina

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9
Q

What are the two main functions of the ciliary body?

A

Suspends the lens and produces aqueous humor

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10
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body muscle?

A

Changes the shape of the lens

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11
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Controls the diameter of the pupil (amount of light let in)

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12
Q

What is the lens suspended by?

A

Suspensory ligaments from the ciliary body

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13
Q

Is the lens biconvex or biconcave?

A

Biconvex

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14
Q

What is the anterior segment of the eye filled with?

A

Aqueous humor

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15
Q

What is the posterior segment of the eye filled with?

A

Vitreous humor

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16
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior segments of the eye?

A

The lens

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17
Q

What is the role of aqueous humor?

A

To maintain intraocular pressure

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18
Q

What is the role of vitreous humor?

A

Helps cushion the retina and stops it from getting detached from the choroid

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19
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye?

A

The iris

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20
Q

Where does aqueous humor drain to?

A

Angle of the anterior chamber of the eye

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21
Q

What is the route of the aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary body -> posterior segment -> comes out through pupil -> anterior segment -> angle of the anterior chamber

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22
Q

What is the drainage system in the angle of the anterior chamber called?

A

Trabecular meshwork

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23
Q

What is the canal called which drains aqeuous humor from the trabecular meshwork?

A

Schlemm’s canal

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24
Q

What fissures separates the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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25
Q

What are the three openings in the bony orbit in the sphenoid bone?

A

Optic foramen
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure

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26
Q

Why are the medial and inferior walls of the orbit particularly weak?

A

They are close to the air sinuses

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27
Q

What is the plate deep to orbicularis oculi?

A

Tarsal plate

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28
Q

What are the glands within the tarsal plate called?

A

Meibomian glands

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29
Q

Why does the conjunctiva not cover the cornea?

A

As the conjunctiva is very vascular, don’t want this in front of transparent cornea

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30
Q

What is the supply of the lacrimal gland?

A

Parasympathetic from facial nerve

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31
Q

Where do the lacrimal gland ducts open into?

A

Conjunctival sac

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32
Q

Where do tears drain to?

A

Punctae on the medial side of each eyelid

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33
Q

Where do tears drain into from the punctae?

A

Lacrimal sac

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34
Q

Where does the lacrimal sac drain to?

A

Nasolacrimal duct into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity

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35
Q

What are the two classes of ocular muscles?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles

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36
Q

What are the intrinsic eye muscles?

A

Ciliaris muscle, constrictor pupillae and dilator pupillae

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37
Q

What is the action of ciliaris muscle?

A

Focusing (accomodation)

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38
Q

What are the cornea and sclera made from?

A

Collagen

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39
Q

What is the approximate pressure in the eyeball?

A

21mmHg

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40
Q

What is the muscle that elevates the upper eyelid?

A

Levator palpabrae superioris

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41
Q

What muscle is found in the eyelid and helps to close the eye?

A

Orbicularis oculi

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42
Q

What is orbicularis oculi supplied by?

A

Facial nerve

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43
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located?

A

Roof of the orbit

44
Q

Where are the intrinsic ocular muscles?

A

Either in the iris or ciliary body

45
Q

What is the ciliaris muscle innerved by?

A

Oculomotor nerve III (Parasympatheic)

46
Q

How are the constrictor pupillae muscles arranged?

A

Circularly

47
Q

How are the dilator pupillae muscles arranged?

A

Radially

48
Q

How is the constrictor pupillae muscle innervated?

A

Oculomotor nerve III (parasympathetic)

49
Q

How is the dilator pupillae muscle innervated?

A

Sympathetic from plexus around blood vessels

50
Q

What are the four straight muscles of the eye?

A

Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior rectus
Superior rectus

51
Q

What are the two oblique muscles of the eye?

A

Inferior oblique

Superior oblique

52
Q

How is the superior oblique muscle attached to the orbit?

A

Trochlea

53
Q

What do the recti muscles of the eye arise from?

A

Annular fibrous ring at the apex of the orbit

54
Q

What is the only muscle of the eye to arise anteriorly?

A

Inferior oblique

55
Q

What is the muscle that lies just about the superior rectus muscle?

A

Levator palpabrae superioris (LPS)

56
Q

What muscle does the trochlear nerve (IV) innervate?

A

Superior oblique (SO)

57
Q

What muscle does the abducent nerve (VI) innervate?

A

Lateral rectus (LR)

58
Q

What is the acronym for remembering the two muscles that are innervated differently to the rest of the eye?

A

SO4LR6

59
Q

What is the nerve which innervates all but two of the muscles of the eye?

A

Oculomotor (III)

60
Q

What is the optic nerve: motor or sensory?

A

Sensory (special)

61
Q

How does the optic nerve leave the orbit?

A

Optic foramen

62
Q

What is the only cranial nerve which emerges from the posterior aspect of the brainstem?

A

Trochlear (IV) nerve

63
Q

How do cranial nerves III, IV and VI enter the orbit?

A

Superior orbital fissure

64
Q

Where does the general sensory innervation for the face come from?

A

Trigeminal nerve (V1 and V2)

65
Q

Where does the orbit of the eye get its general sensory innervation from?

A

Opthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve

66
Q

How does the ophthalmic division of trigeminal enter the orbit?

A

Superior orbital fissure

67
Q

What does the ophthalmic division of trigeminal divide into?

A

Frontal branch
Lacrimal branch
Nasociliary nerve

68
Q

Branches of what artery supply the eye?

A

Ophthalmic artery

69
Q

What is the ophthalmic artery a branch of?

A

Internal carotid artery

70
Q

What gives off the central retinal artery?

A

Ophthalmic artery

71
Q

What artery is in the centre of the optic nerve?

A

Central retinal artery

72
Q

What do the short posterior ciliary arteries supply?

A

Posterior part of the choroid and outer retina

73
Q

What does the long posterior ciliary artery supply?

A

Anterior choroid, ciliary body and iris

74
Q

Is the optic disk of the eye on the nasal or temporal side?

A

Nasal

75
Q

What are the four quadrants of the eye?

A

Upper nasal
Lower nasal
Upper temporal
Lower temporal

76
Q

What is the venous drainage of the eye?

A

Superior ophthalmic and inferior ophthalmic veins

77
Q

Where do the ophthalmic veins drain to?

A

Cavernous sinus

78
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus?

A

Immdiately posterior to the apex of the orbit

79
Q

Which artery lies partly inside the cavernous sinus?

A

Internal carotid artery

80
Q

How many layers does the cornea have?

A

5

81
Q

What are the five layers of the cornea?

A 
Epithelium
Bowman's membrane
Stroma
Descemet's layer
Endothelium
82
Q

What type of epithelium does the cornea have?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous

83
Q

Why is the stroma of the cornea transparent?

A

No blood vessels
Regularly arranged collagen
Endothelial cell layer pumps aqueous humour out

84
Q

Which layer of the retina are the rods and cones found in?

A

2nd layer

85
Q

Which layer of the retina is the nerve fibre layer?

A

9th layer

86
Q

Which layer of the retina is the pigment epithelial layer?

A

1st layer

87
Q

Why is the pigment epithelial layer being next to the layer with the rods and cones important?

A

Macular degeneration = degeneration of the pigment epithelial layer leads to destruction of the rods and cones

88
Q

Where is the concentration of cones the highest on the retina?

A

Fovea centralis

89
Q

Where is the point of maximum visual acuity on the retina?

A

Fovea centralis - packed with cones

90
Q

What is lens opacification called?

A

Cataracts

91
Q

How many layers does the typical tear film have?

A

3

92
Q

What are the three layers of the tear film?

A

Mucous layer - overlying corneal epithelium
Aqueous layer
Oily layer - most superficial

93
Q

What is refraction?

A

When light rays bend to form a sharp image on the retina

94
Q

What is it called when light rays bend to form a sharp image on the retina?

A

Refraction

95
Q

What is accommodation?

A

How we can focus on far off or near objects by changing how much we bend the light rays?

96
Q

What is it called when we can focus on far off or near objects by changing how much we bend the light rays?

A

Accommodation

97
Q

What is it called when there is a mismatch between how much we bend light rays?

A

Refractive errors

98
Q

Which components of the eye are transparent to allow light to fall on the retina?

A

Cornea, aqueous humour, lens, vitreous humour

99
Q

Which parts of the eye are involved in bending the light before it hits the retina?

A

Cornea and lens

100
Q

What three things happen simultaneously for accommodation to happen?

A
  1. Lens thickens and more spherical
  2. Pupil constricts
  3. Eyes converge
101
Q

What muscles do we use for the eyes to converge?

A

Medial rectus on both sides

102
Q

Which are thicker: medial or lateral recti?

A

Medial recti

103
Q

Where are the constrictor papillae and dilator papillae muscles found?

A

Iris

104
Q

What does the conjunctiva NOT cover?

A

The cornea

105
Q

What is the uvea?

A

Ciliary body, choroid, iris

Neurology (9 decks)

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