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5th: Small Animal Medicine I > Neurology (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Neurology (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 steps in performing a neurological exam ?

A
  1. Observe mental status, gait, and posture
  2. Palpate muscular and skeletal system
  3. Evaluate postural reactions
  4. Evaluate cranial nerves
  5. Evaluate spinal nerves (C6-T2; L3-S3)
  6. Evaluate sensation
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2
Q

What is the vertebral formula for a dog/cat?

A. C7 T18 L6 S5
B. C7 T13 L6 -7 S4
C. C7 T13 L7 S3
D. C7 T13 L6 S5

A

C. Dog/cat C7 T13 L7 S3

Note:
horse C7 T18 L6 S5
sheep C7 T13 L6 -7 S4 
pig C7 T14 - 15 L6 -7 S4
cattle C7 T13 L6 S5
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3
Q

Where is the brachial intumescent located in a dog/cat ?

A

C6-T2 area

Thicker area, cell bodies are located here

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4
Q

Where is the pelvic/lumbosacral intumescent located in a dog/cat ?

A

L4-S3 area

Spinal cord is thicker here; this is where the cell bodies are located

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5
Q

Which nerves go to the bladder and back legs?

A. C6-T2
B. T3-L3
C. T1-L1
D. L4-S3

A

B. T3-L3

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6
Q

Where is the Reticular Activating System located ?

A. Brainstem
B. Cerebral cortex

A

In the brainstem

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7
Q

If you/the dog has a lesion in the brainstem; when observes the mental status of the animal what would you expect to see ? (Multiple answer choices)

A. Encouraged Reticular Activating System
B. Depression/Coma
C. Inhibited/slower Reticular Activating System
D. Non-functioning cranial nerves
E. Somnolent, lethargy

A

B. Depression/Coma
C. Inhibited/slower Reticular Activating System
D. Non-functioning cranial nerves
E. Somnolent, lethargy

If there is a lesion in the brainstem these animals are depressed. The brainstem is at the base of the brain where all of the cranial nerves come in and go out. So the RAS will stop working and the cranial nerves aren’t able to function.

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8
Q

Define stupor

A

Worse depression (Painful stimuli)

a state of near-unconsciousness or insensibility.

is the lack of critical mental function and a level of consciousness wherein a sufferer is almost entirely unresponsive and only responds to base stimuli such as pain.

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9
Q

Define coma

A

Worse/ no response

a state of unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awakened; fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound; lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle; and does not initiate voluntary actions.

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10
Q

Where is the thalamocortex located ?

A. Brainstem
B. Cerebral cortex
C. Cerebrum

A

B. Cerebral cortex

Where the intelligence lies

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11
Q

If you/the dog has a lesion in the cortex; when observes the mental status of the animal what would you expect to see ? (Multiple answer choices)

A. Behavioral changes
B. Pacing/ head-pressing
C. Seizures

A

All of these abnormalities

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12
Q

If a dog has a lesion in its motor cortex on the right side then the leg effected will be on the ______ side and lack or inappropriate voluntary motor activity will occur.

A

Opposite side

the cerebral cortex has crossing over
aka left side

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13
Q

If a dog has a lesion on the right side of the brainstem then the leg effected will be on the _____ side.

A

Same side

hemiparesis/plegia
aka right side

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14
Q

After you observe mental status of the dog, the next thing to do is observe posture. This can give away a lot of neurological problems

True or False

A

True

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15
Q

Head tilt/turn indicates a problem with the _________ system. The animals head is down and tend to fall on the _______ side.

A

vestibular; affected

circles towards the affected side

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16
Q

Since cats have a lot of fast twitch muscle fibers and they don’t have a nuchal ligament. They often have ventroflexion of the head, which is a sign of a myopathy in a cat.

True or False

A

True

17
Q

If only the back legs are lesioned and the front legs are fine then you know the lesion is caudal to T2.

True or False

A

True

18
Q

Define myopathy

A

disease of muscle tissue

19
Q

Define myelopathy

A

Disease of the spinal cord

20
Q

The 3rd step is to observe gait. If the animal is ataxic; it is uncoordinated. What part of the brain controls/ fine tunes locomotion ?

A

Cerebellum

Note: Vestibular lesion can cause ataxia as well

21
Q

If the cerebellum is lost then the animals sway when they stand and sway when they walk. The animal is conscious and they know where their limbs are they just don’t have that normal fast rapid movement.

True or False

A

True

22
Q

If you have a lesion in the neck generally the front legs have worse of an effect than the back legs

True or False

A

False

Generally the back legs are more effected than the front legs

23
Q

What are some common types of postural reactions used ?

A 
CP deficit test
Hopping test
Paw placing
Wheelbarrowing
Extensor postural thrust
Hemi-walking
24
Q

Postural reactions help localize where the lesion is

True or False

A

False

They don’t help you localize the lesion at all. Just tells you if they pass or fail the test

25
Q

The cranial nerve tests are used to see if the cortex is lesioned

T or F

A

False

cranial nerves run through the brainstem; so if they are not working you most likely have a lesion in the brainstem

26
Q

Pupillary light reflexes test the

A. Optic n.
B. Oculomotor n.
C. Facial n.

A

A. Optic n.

B. Oculomotor n.

27
Q

Menace tests the

A. Optic n.
B. Oculomotor n.
C. Facial n.

A

A. Optic n.

C. Facial n.

28
Q

What does the oculocephalic reflex test ?

A

The vestibulochochlear n.

Tells you if the dog has any neck pain; vertical or horizontal nystagmus

29
Q

Jaw tone -
Tongue tone -
Gag,Vagus -

A

Trigeminal
Hypoglossal
Glossopharyngeal

30
Q

_____LMN/UMN have an inhibitory effect on reflexes

A

UMN

They control them and calm them down

31
Q

LMN nerves are located where the spinal cord ______ (thickens/thins)

A

Thickens (in the intumescent)

Between C6-T2 and caudal to L3

32
Q

UMN includes:

A. Cell body and descending axon
B. Cell body and ascending axon
C. Cell body and peripheral nerve axon

A

A. Cell body and descending axon

33
Q

LMN includes:

A. Cell body and descending axon
B. Cell body and ascending axon
C. Cell body and peripheral nerve axon

A

C. Cell body and peripheral nerve axon

34
Q

Peracute onset of signs suggests trauma or disc extrusion while slow progressive development of signs is more likely to be due to degenerative or neoplastic disease

True or False

A

True

35
Q

Dysfunction in the nervous system and other organ systems suggests:

A. Trauma
B. Disk extrusion
C. Polysystemic disorder
D. Degenerative disease

A

C. Polysystemic disorders might be present - distemper, neoplasia, metabolic problems (hepatic encephalopathy, renal failure)

5th: Small Animal Medicine I (3 decks)

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