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USMLE > Neurology - Embryology > Flashcards

Neurology - Embryology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of the notochord?

A

Inducing overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm, and form the neural plate -> give rises to the neural tube and neural crest cells

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2
Q

What is the adult remnant of the notochord?

A

Nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc

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3
Q

What is the alar plate?

A

Dorsal: sensory

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4
Q

What is the basal plate?

A

Ventral: motor

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5
Q

When is the neural tube formed?

A

Day 18-21 (3 weeks)

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6
Q

What are the three primary vesicles of the developing brain?

A

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)
Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)

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7
Q

What are the five secondary vesicles of the developing brain?

A 
Telecephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
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8
Q

Adult derivative of: telecephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres

Lateral ventricles

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9
Q

Adult derivative of: diencephalon

A

Thalamus

Third ventricle

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10
Q

Adult derivative of: mesencephalon

A

Midbrain (Medulla)

Aqueduct

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11
Q

Adult derivative of: metencephalon

A

Pons and Cerebellum

Upper part of the fourth ventricle

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12
Q

Adult derivative of: myelencephalon

A

Lower part of the fourth ventricle

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13
Q

When does neural tube defects occur?

A

4th week

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14
Q

What is neural tube defects associated with?

A

low folic acid

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15
Q

What lab values suggest neural tube defect?

A

Elevated AFP

Elevated acetylcholinesterase

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16
Q

What is a confirmatory test for neural tube defect?

A

Elevated acetylcholinesterase

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17
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

failure of bony spinal canal to close
no structural herniation, usually lower vertebral level; dura is intact

associated with tuft of hair or skin dimple

18
Q

Meningocele

A

Meninges (but not spinal cord) herniate through spinal canal defect

19
Q

Meningomyelocele

A

Meninges and spinal cord herniate through spinal defect

20
Q

Anencephaly

A

Malformation of anterior neural tube - no forebrain, open calvarium (frog-like appearance)

21
Q

Lab values for anencephaly

A

High AFP, polyhydramnios (no swalloing center)

22
Q

What is anencephaly associated with?

A

materal diabetes (Type I)

23
Q

What can decrease risk of anencephaly?

A

maternal folate supplement can decrease risk

24
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

Failure of left and right hemispheres to separate; usually weeks 5-6

25
Q

What is suggested to be mutated in holoprosencephaly?

A

sonic hedgehog signaling pathway

26
Q

What are moderate and severe forms of holoprosencephaly associated with?

A

cleft lip/palate - moderate

cyclopia - severe

27
Q

Cerebral aqueduct stenosis

A

Accumulation of CSF in ventricular space - most common cause of hydrocephalus in newborns

28
Q

Presentation of cerebral aqueduct

A

enlarging head circumference due to dilation of ventricles (cranial suture lines not fused)

29
Q

What is dandy-walker malformation?

A

Congenital failure of cerebellar vermis to develop

Massively dilated 4th ventricle with absent cerebellum often accompanied by hydrocephalus

30
Q

What is dandy-walker associated with?

A

hydrocephalus and spina bidifa

31
Q

What is arnold-chiari malformation (type II)?

A

congenital extension of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum
Obstruction of CSF flow can result in hydrocephalus

32
Q

What is arnold-chiari malformation associated with?

A

thoraco-lumbar meningomyelocele and syringomyelia

33
Q

What is syringomyelia?

A

cystic enlargement of central canal of spinal cord

34
Q

What fibers are damaged first in syringomyelia?

A

Fibers of spinohalamic tract

35
Q

Presentation of syringomyelia

A

cape-like, bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities (fine touch is preserved)

36
Q

Where is syringomyelia most common in the spinal cord?

A

C8-T1

37
Q

Which branchial arch forms the tongue?

A

1st branchial arch forms anterior 2/3 (sensation V3, taste VII)

3/4 archs form posterior 1/3 (sensation/taste IX, extreme posterior X)

38
Q

What is motor innervation of the tongue?

A

CNXII

39
Q

What nerves are involved in taste?

A

Anterior 2/3: VII

Posterior 1/3: IX

40
Q

What nerves are involved in sensation of the tongue?

A

Anterior 2/3: V3

Posterior 1/3: IX

41
Q

Muscles of tongue are derived from what?

A

occipital myotomes

USMLE (13 decks)

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