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First Aid: Neurology > Neurology Embryology > Flashcards

Neurology Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Notochord induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into what 2 things?

A

Neuroectoderm and form the neural plate

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2
Q

What does the neural plate give rise to?

A

Neural crest cells and Neural tube

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3
Q

What does the notochord become in adults?

A

Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc in adults

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4
Q

Alar plate (dorsal) is sensory or motor?

A

Sensory

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5
Q

Basal Plate (ventral) is sensory or motor?

A

Motor

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6
Q

Name the 3 primary vesicles in the developing brain

A

Forebrain (proencephalon), Midbrain (mesencephalon), and Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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7
Q

What two division come from the forebrain?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

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8
Q

What wall and cavity develop from the Telencephalon?

A

Walls: cerebral hemispheres
Cavity: lateral ventricles

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9
Q

What wall and cavity do the Diencephalon become?

A

Walls: Thalamus, Hypothalamus
Cavity: Third ventricle

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10
Q

What does the midbrain (mesencephalon) progress to?

A

Mesencephalon

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11
Q

What walls and cavity does the mesencephalon become?

A

Walls: midbrain
Cavity: Aqueduct

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12
Q

What does the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) progress to?

A

Metencephalon and Myencephalon

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13
Q

What walls and cavity come from the metencephalon?

A

Walls: Pons, Cerebellum
Cavity: upper part of fourth ventricle

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14
Q

What walls and cavity do the myelecephalon progress to?

A

Walls: medulla
Cavity: lower part of fourth ventricle

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15
Q

What is the origin of CNS neurons, ependymal cells (inner lining of ventricles, make CSF), oligodendroglia, astrocytes?

A

Neuroectoderm

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16
Q

What is the origin of PNS neurons and Schwann cells?

A

Neural crest

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17
Q

What is the origin of microglia (like macrophages)?

A

Mesoderm

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18
Q

What causes the persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal?

A

Neuropore fails to fuse (neural tube defects)

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19
Q

What week should the neuropore close?

A

4th week

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20
Q

What vitamin deficiency is associated with neural tube defects and should be taken before conception and during pregnancy?

A

Folic acid

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21
Q

What changes are seen in the amniotic fluid and maternal serum (except spina bifida occulta)?

A

Increased alpha-fetoprotein

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22
Q

What is used in confirmation testing for neural tube defects from the amniotic fluid?

A

Increased acetycholinesterase (AChe) because fetal AChE in CSF flows through defect into amniotic fluid

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23
Q

Define spina bifida occulta; where is it usually seen? What is the alpha-veto protein level?

A

Failure of bony spinal canal to close, but no herniation. Usually seen at lower vertebral levels. Dura is intact. Associated with tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of bony defect. Normal alpha feta-protein.

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24
Q

Define meningocele

A

Meninges, but no neural tissue, herniate through bony defect

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25
Q

Define Meningomyelocele

A

Meninges and neural tissues (eg cauda equina) herniate through the bony defect

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26
Q

Define anencephaly

A

A malformation of anterior neural tube that leads to no forebrain, open calvarium

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27
Q

What are the clinical findings of anencephaly?

A

Increased alpha-fetoprotein, polyhydroaminos (no swallowing center in the brain)

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28
Q

What maternal disease is associated with anencephaly? And what maternal supplementation can decrease risk?

A

Type 1 diabetes and folate

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29
Q

Define holoprosencephaly

A

Failure of left and right hemispheres to separate

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30
Q

When does holoprosencephaly occur?

A

Week 5-6

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31
Q

What signaling pathway mutation may cause holoprosencephaly?

A

Mutations in sonic the hedgehog signaling pathway

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32
Q

What are clinical signs of holoprosencephaly?

A

Moderate: cleft lip or palate

Most severe form results in cyclopia

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33
Q

What two syndromes is holoprosencephaly seen in?

A

Patau syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome

34
Q

Define a Chiari II malformation

A

Posterior fossa malformation, herniation of low-lying cerebellar vermis through foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis leading to hydrocephalus

35
Q

What is a type 2 Chiari malformation usually associated with?

A

Lumbosacral Meningomyelocele (paralysis/sensory loss at and below the level of the lesion)

36
Q

Define Dandy-walker syndrome

A

A posterior fossa malformation; angiogenesis of cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle (fills the enlarged posterior fossa)

37
Q

What is Dandy-Walker syndrome associated with?

A

Noncommunicating hydrocephalus, spina bifida

38
Q

Define syringomyelia

A

Cystic cavity (syrinx) within central canal of spinal cord, fibers crossing in anterior white commissure (spinothalamic tract) are typically damaged first; results in a ‘cape-like’ bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities (fine touch sensation is preserved)

39
Q

What is syringomyelia associated with?

A

Chiari malformation, trauma and tumors

40
Q

Syrinx

A

Tube, as in syringe

41
Q

Most common location of syringomyelia?

A

C8-T1

42
Q

Define Chiari 1 malformation

A

Cerebellar tonsilar ectopia greater than 3-5mm

43
Q

Clinical symptoms of Chiari 1 malformation

A

Congenital, usually asymptomatic in childhood, manifests with headaches and cerebellar symptoms

44
Q

What branchial arches form the tongue?

A

1-4 branchial arches form the tongue

45
Q

What do the first and second branchial arches form in the tongue? What nerves for sensation and taste of that portion?

A

Form the anterior 2/3; sensation via CN V3 and taste via CN VII

46
Q

What do the 3rd and 4th branchial arches form in the tongue? What nerves for sensation and taste of that portion?

A

The third and fourth branchial arches form posterior 1/3; thus sensation and taste mainly from via CN IX and extreme posterior via CN X

47
Q

What gives motor inner action to the hyoglossus? Styloglossus? Genioglossus?

A

CN XII to all three

48
Q

What is the action of the hyoglossus?

A

Retracts and depresses tongue

49
Q

What is the action of the genioglossus?

A

Protrudes the tongue

50
Q

What is the action of the styloglossus muscle?

A

Draws the side of tongue upward to create a trough for swallowing

51
Q

What is the motor inner action for the palatoglossus?

A

CN X

52
Q

What is the action of palatoglossus?

A

Elevates posterior tongue during swallowing

53
Q

What cranial nerves for taste?

A

CN VII, IX, X(solitary nucleus)

54
Q

What cranial nerves for pain in the tongue?

A

CN V3, IX, X

55
Q

What nerves for motor of the tongue?

A

CN X, XII

56
Q

What type of cells are permanent and do not divide in adulthood?

A

Neurons

57
Q

What part of the neuron, signal-relaying cell, receives input?

A

Dendrites

58
Q

What part of the neuron, signal-relaying cell, sends output?

A

Axons

59
Q

What parts of a neuron can be seen with Nissl staining? What does Nissl stain?

A

Cell bodies and dendrites; Nissl stains RER (and RER is NOT present in the axon)

60
Q

What occurs as a result of injury to the axon of a nueron?

A

Wallerian degeneration

61
Q

Define Wallerian degeneration

A

Degeneration distal to the injury and axonal retraction proximally; allows for potential regeneration of axon (if in the PNS)

62
Q

What are astrocytes derived from?

A

Neuroectoderm

63
Q

What is the marker for astrocytes?

A

GFAP

64
Q

This cell causes reactive gliosis in response to neural injury

A

Astrocytes

65
Q

What type of cell is involved in physical support, repair, K+ metabolism, removal of excess neurotransmitter, a component of blood brain barrier and glycogen fuel reserve buffer?

A

Astrocytes

66
Q

Name the phagocytic scavenger cells of the CNS

A

Microglia

67
Q

What is the origin of microglia cells?

A

Mesodermal, mononuclear

68
Q

What activates microglia?

A

Tissue damage

69
Q

Are microglia readily discernible by Nissl stain?

A

No, microglia are not readily discernible by Nissl staining

70
Q

What do HIV infected microglia fuse to form in the CNS?

A

HIV infected microglia fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS

71
Q

What increases the conduction velocity of signals down axons?

A

Myelin

72
Q

What happens at the nodes of Ranvier?

A

Saltatory conduction of action potentials (where there are high concentrations of Na+ channels)

73
Q

What has myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

74
Q

What has myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

75
Q

What warps and insulates axons to increase the space constant and increases the conduction velocity of neurons?

A

Myelin

76
Q

Each Schwann cell myelinates how many PNS axons?

A

Each Schwann cell myelinates only 1 PNS axon

77
Q

What are Schwann cells derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

78
Q

True or False: Schwann cells promote axonal regeneration?

A

True

79
Q

How do Schwann cells increase conduction velocity?

A

Via Saltatory conduction at the nodes of Ranvier, where there is a high concentration of Na+ channels

80
Q

What syndrome may injure Schwann cells?

A

Guilin Barre syndrome

81
Q

Where is a vestibular schwannoma?

A

Typically located on CN VIII in internal acoustic meatus, may extend to cerebellopontine angle

First Aid: Neurology (2 decks)

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