neurology Flashcards
What are metabolic causes of coma?
Drugs
Hypoglycaemia
Diabetes
Hypercalcaemia
What are the hemisphere lesion causes of trauma
cerebral infarct cerebral haemorrhage subdural extradural abscess tumour
What are the brain stem causes of trauma
brainstem infarct tumour abscess cerebellar haemorrhage cerebellar infarct
What are the main categories for causes for trauma
brain stem
hemispheric lesions
metabolic
What is the definition of a seizure
paradoxical discharge of cerebral neurons, which is apparrent to an external observer
What is the definition of a seizure
paradoxical discharge of cerebral neurons, which is apparent to an external observer
What is the definition of epilepsy
recurrent tendency to have seizures
What is status epilepticus?
seizure lasting longer than 30min
What are the differentials for a headache that is an acute single headache?
- Febrile ilness, sinusitis
- first migraine attack
- following a head injury
- subarachnoid haemorrhage
- meningitis
What are the differentials for a headache that is an recurrent headache?
migraine
cluster headache
episodic tension headache
trigeminal neuralgia
What are the differentials for a headache that is an triggered headache?
- coughing exertion, straining
- coitus
- food and drinks
What are the differentials for a headache that is a dull headache increasing severity headache?
usually bening contraceptive pill or hormone replacement neck disease temporal arteritis beingin intracranial hypertension cerebral tumour
What are the differentials for a headache that is a dull headache unchanged over months?
chronic tension headache
depressive
atypical facial pain
What are the broad causes for syncope?
HR () Stroke volume Chronic peripheral resistance others
What are the broad causes for syncope and their specific reasons
HR (Bradycardia, complete heart block, tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia)
Stroke volume (dehydration, haemorrhage, pulmonary embolus, addison’s disease, temponade, aortic dissection, cough? micturition syncope)
Chronic (aortic stenosis, atrial myxoma, cardiomyopathy)
peripheral resistance (neuropathic, huillain barre syndrome, CNS, Parkinsons)
others (Drugs, Vasovagal attack)
What is the definition of a stroke
disturbance of cerebral function for more than 24 h
What are the symptoms of a blockage of the anterior circulation?
- hemiparesis
- aphasia
- apraxia
- neglect
What are the symptoms of a blockage of the posterior circulation?
- diplopia
- dysarthria
- dizziness
- dysphagia
- face arm leg and crossed finidings
What is a TIA?
brief episodes of focal loss of visual function
What are the most common infections of meningitis?
Nesseria meningitidis streptococcus pneumoniae listeria monocytigenes group'b strepptococcus haemophilus
