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emodules > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

1
Q

What does an electrical current towards the probe show as on an ECG? And away?

A

towards- positive

away - negative

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2
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

ventricular depolarisation

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3
Q

What is the normal time for a QRS complex

A

0.04- 0.12

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4
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

atrial depolarisation time

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5
Q

How tall should the P wave be and how long should the P wave be ?

A

0.1 sec

no more than 2.5mm tall

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6
Q

Where can the p wave be seen the tallest?

A

lead 2

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7
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

ventricular repolarisation

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8
Q

how tall should the T wave be?

A

5-10mm

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9
Q

What is the U wave?

A

repolerisation of the purkinje fibers and is often not seen

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10
Q

What is an interval

A

length of the plus the isoelectric line that follows it

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11
Q

What is the PR interval ?

A

space between the beginning of the wave and the beginning of the QRS complex

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12
Q

What is the normal time of an PR interval ?

A

3-5 small squares (0.12-0.2)

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13
Q

What is the QT interval ?

A

from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave

IF U wave presence all the way to the end of the u wave

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14
Q

What is the ST segment?

A

isoelectric line betweeen the end of the S wave of the QRS complex and beginning of the T wave

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15
Q

What is the PR segment?

A

from the end of the P wave the beginning of the Q wave

represents the conduction from when the atria are depolarised to the ventricular depolarisation.

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16
Q

What is the time of one small square and big square

A

small square -0.04

big square is 0.2

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17
Q

What is the height of one small square?

A

small square- 0.1mV

larger square 0.5mV

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18
Q

How do you estimate the rate ?

A

Approach 1:

  1. count the R waves in 10sec
  2. times it by 6

Approach 2:
1. count the large squares between 2 R waves

1 -300
2-150
3- 100
4- 75
5- 60
6-50
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19
Q

How do you measure the rhythm?

A

look if the RR interval is the same across the whole strip

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20
Q

What do you look at to suspect a bundle branch block?

A

look at the QRS complex- anything longer 0.12 too much.

21
Q

How do you distinguish a right and left bundle branch block?

A

look at lead V1.
left - downwards deflected
right- upwards deflected

22
Q

What is a first degree AV block

A

PR interval longer than 0.2 seconds

23
Q

What can cause a bundle branch block

A

pericarditis, myocarditis, congested heart failure and congenital heart disease

24
Q

What can cause a first degree AV block?

A 
coronary heart disease
inferior wall MI
hyperkalaemia
congenital abnormalities
medications (quinidine, digitalis, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers)
25
Q

What is a second degree AV block type 1 (Mobitz)?

A

progressive delay of conduction at the AV node until conduction is blocked - resulting in no QRS complex

26
Q

What are the characteristics of the second degree AV block type 1 (Mobitz type 1)

A
  • rate is 60-100 beats per minute
  • atrial rhythm is regular
  • ventricular rhythm is irregular
  • P wave normal
  • PR interval get longer until QRS is droppped
  • QRS is normal just gets dropped every onceand a while
27
Q

What is a second degree AV block type 2 (Mobitz type 2)?

A

2-4 P wave before each QRS

28
Q

What are the causes of the second degree AV block type 1 (Mobitz type 1)

A

acute inferior wall myocardial infarction
digitalis
rheumatic fever
myocarditis
excissive vagal tone
drugs (beta blockers, calcium channel blockers)

29
Q

What are the characteristics of the second degree AV block type 2 (Mobitz type 2)

A

Atrial and ventricular rate irregular

several p waves

30
Q

What are the causes of the second degree AV block type 2 (Mobitz type 2)

A

acute anterior or antero septal myocardial infarction
coronary heart disease
rheumatic heart disease
drugs (beta blockers, calcium channel blockers)

31
Q

What are the characteristics of the second degree AV block type 2 (Mobitz type 2)

A

atrial rate is faster than ventricular rate

no relationship between QRS and P wave

32
Q

What happens in a third degree AV block

A

electrical signals from SA node are completly blocked at the AV node

-> no coordination between contraction of the atria and ventricles

33
Q

What is an ST elevation due to?

A

impending infarction
also due to pericarditis, vasospastic angina
- laso can be normal

34
Q

What are the characteristics of an ST elevation ?

A

if it exceeds 1mm in a limb lead or 2 mm in a precordial lead

35
Q

What happens in a transmural infarction to the ST elevation?

A

ST elevation one of the first signals

- as time passes the st elevation decreases due to the T wave inversion

36
Q

What happens in a ventricular aneurysm to the ST elevation?

A
  • ST elevation remains even after 3 months
37
Q

What do you do if an ST elevation persists after 3 months?

A

ventricular aneurysm-

don’t give thrombolytic drugs

38
Q

What is vasospastic angina

A

during exercise you get vasospasm and lack of blood flow to the subendocardium
-> lack of blood flow to the transmural area of the heart _> ST elevation

39
Q

What is Pericarditis ?

A

inflammation pf the space between the heart and the pericardial sack

40
Q

What are signs of pericarditis on an ECG?

A

ST elevation

41
Q

What is early repolerisation?

A

T wave occurs early and leads to ST elevation
HARMLESS

can be seen well in the precordial leads and less in the limb leads

42
Q

IN what individuals do you get early re-polarisation?

A

young healthy males

43
Q

What leads do you use for the axis nomenclature?

A

lead 1 and aVF because they are perpendicular to each other

44
Q

What is the normal range for an normal axis?

A

-30 to 90

45
Q

What is the range for an left axis deviation?

A

-30 to -90

46
Q

What is the range for a right axis deviation?

A

90 to +or -180

47
Q

What disease does a left axis deviation indicate

A

inferior wall MI

48
Q

What disease does a right axis deviation indicate

A

lateral wall MI

emodules (7 decks)

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