Neurology

Question 1

In the human body, the endocrine system has ______ control over the human body, where as the nervous system has ____ control.

Answer 1

Slow

Fast

Question 2

What does the CNS consist of?

Answer 2

Brain

Spinal Cord

Question 3

What does the PNS consist of?

Answer 3

Nerves that connect the brain or spinal cord with the body’s muscles, glands, and sense organs.

Question 4

How do axons get their “supplies”?

Answer 4

“Supplies” move DOWN the axon and back UP the axon using moving proteins

Question 5

Neurons are ______, which means they do not divide.

Answer 5

Amitotic

Question 6

Neurons have a ____ ____ metabolic rate, meaning they need a lot of _______ and have a lot of ________.

Answer 6

Very High

Glucose

Mitochondria

Question 7

T/F: Neurons are the most numerous cell in the CNS

Answer 7

False (Glial cells are)

Question 8

This type of glial cell works in healing, ion concentration regulation, synapse formation, and creates a framework for neurons.

Answer 8

Astrocytes

Question 9

This type of glial cells form and maintain myelin in the CNS.

Answer 9

Oligodendrocytes

Question 10

This type of glial cells are important “workers” in the immune system.

Answer 10

Microglia (CNS Macrophages)

Question 11

This type of glial cell creates CSF in the CNS.

Answer 11

Ependymal cells

Question 12

This type of glial cells create myelin in the PNS.

Answer 12

Schwann Cells

Question 13

Are afferent neurons in the CNS, PNS, or Both?

Answer 13

Afferent neurons cell body and long peripheral process are in the PNS while the central process of the axon is in the CNS

Question 14

Are efferent neurons in the CNS, PNS, or Both?

Answer 14

The cell body, dendrites, and a small amount of the axon are in the CNS, while most of the axon is in the PNS

Question 15

Are interneurons in the CNS, PNS, or Both?

Answer 15

Inter neurons are entirely in the CNS.

Question 16

Interneurons account for ____% of all neurons.

Answer 16

> 99

Question 17

Afferent nerves get ______ by a stimulus;

Efferent nerves cause an _______.

Answer 17

affected

effect

Question 18

T/F: peripheral portions of nerves can sometimes regenerate a bit because of their Schwann Cells

Answer 18

True

Question 19

T/F: Completely CNS neurons can also regenerate

Answer 19

False (Completely CNS neuron can not regenerate at all)

Question 20

axons are severed, they can repair themselves and restore significant function only if the damage occurs _______ the central nervous system

Answer 20

Outside

Question 21

axon regrowth proceeds at a rate of only ___ mm per day.

Answer 21

1

Question 22

Charge is more ______ outside the cell. Charge is more ______ inside the cell. What is this called?

Answer 22

positive

negative

RMP

Question 23

Describe the function of the Na+/K+ pump

Answer 23

It is an active transport pump that uses ATP to transport 3 Na+ (Against the concentration gradient) outside of the cell and 2 K+ (Against the concentration gradient) into the cell creating a negative resting cell membrane (negative interior).

Question 24

What would happen to the RMP if there was no ATP to run the Na+/K+ pump?

Answer 24

It would create a less negative RMP. (Na+ can still enter the cell through Facilitated diffusion, and K+ can still leave the cell through Facilitated diffusion)

Question 25

This is the potential moving from RMP to less negative values.

Answer 25

Depolarization

Question 26

This is the potential moving back to the RMP

Answer 26

Repolarization

Question 27

This is the potential moving away from the RMP in a more negative direction.

Answer 27

Hyperpolarization

Question 28

Threshold can be reached when there are more ______ than ______.

Answer 28

EPSPs > IPSPs

Question 29

What do lidocaine, procaine, marcaine, and tetrotoxin do in regards to the action potential?

Answer 29

They block voltage-gated Na+ channels, prevents an action potential. Without an action potential nerves can not send "signals".

Question 30

T/F: Another action potential can be sent during the absolute refractory period of "a nerve signal".

Answer 30

False (it can not be sent)

Question 31

During the relative refractory period of "a nerve signal". another action potential can be sent, BUT it needs be ________ to over come _________.

Answer 31

bigger hyperpolarization

Question 32

Action potential occurs at the _____ __ _______.

Answer 32

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 33

Action potentials jump from one node to the next as they propagate along a myelinated fiber is known as ________ _________.

Answer 33

Saltatory conduction

Question 34

What THREE things do myelin do?

Answer 34

1. Add speed to nerve signaling 2. Reduce metabolic cost 3. Save room in the nervous system (allows for axons to be thinner)

Question 35

Synapses can pass information ______ or ________ and can be ________ or _________.

Answer 35

Chemically Electrically Inhibitory Excitatory

Question 36

What do synapses use?

Answer 36

Neurotransmitters

Question 37

Pre- and post-synaptic cells are connected by ___ ______ when the signal is electrical.

Answer 37

gap-junctions

Question 38

Autoregulation of a synapse is a _________ feedback loop and a type of _______ signalling.

Answer 38

Negative Autocrine

Question 39

This neurotransmitter is ALWAYS the first signaler on efferent pathways to the peripheral nervous system.

Answer 39

Acetylcholine

Question 40

This neurotransmitter (often nurepinephrine, epinephrine) is important in the SNS and once they're released into the synapses\ they are either taken back up in the pre-synaptic cell or destroyed.

Answer 40

Catecholamine

Question 41

This neurotransmitter is slower than others, acts as a modulator, and is always released with another neurotransmitter.

Answer 41

Serotonin

Question 42

Serotonin is ______ in muscle pathways and _____ in sensory pathways.

Answer 42

Excitatory | Inhibitory

Question 43

This neurotransmittor is made in the cell body and transported down the axon for release.

Answer 43

Endogenous Opiods

Question 44

Endogenous opiods have an effect on what three things?

Answer 44

Appetite, Mood, Emotion

Question 45

Work through the mechanism of tetanus.

Answer 45

Tetanus inhibits GABA (which typically inhibits muscle contraction), so you developed muscle spasms

Question 46

Work through the mechanism of Botulism.

Answer 46

Boutlism interferes with the actions of SNARE proteins at the excitatory synpases in active muscles, SO you develop muscle paralysis

Question 47

What two divisions do the peripheral nervous system consist of?

Answer 47

Afferent (Somatic, Visceral, Special Sensory) Efferent (Somatic and Autonomic Motor)

Question 48

The forebrain consists of these two structures.

Answer 48

Cerebrum | Diencephalon

Question 49

This portion of the brain consists of right and left hemispheres + other structures on the underside of the brain.

Answer 49

Cerebrum

Question 50

The _______ helps connect the right/left hemispheres of the cerebrum.

Answer 50

Dienchephalon

Question 51

Each hemisphere of the cerebrum has a _____ ______.

Answer 51

Cerebral cortex

Question 52

What composes the white matter of the cerebral cortex? What composes the gray matter?

Answer 52

White matter: Myelinatation of the axon Grey matter: Cell bodies

Question 53

What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 53

Integration and processing of afferent information to create an effect on the motor and/or endocrine systems.

Question 54

The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by the _____ ______.

Answer 54

Corpus Callosum

Question 55

What are the FOUR lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 55

1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Occipital 4. Temporal

Question 56

The folds in the cerebral cortex increase what?

Answer 56

Surface area

Question 57

What are the primary functions of the frontal lobe?

Answer 57

Reasoning Planning Movement

Question 58

What are the primary functions of the parietal lobe?

Answer 58

Movement | Perception of stimuli

Question 59

What are the primary function of the Occipital lobe?

Answer 59

Visual processing

Question 60

What are the primary functions of the temporal lobe?

Answer 60

Perception/Recognition of auditory stimuli | Memory

Question 61

These direct voluntary movements and integrate signals to create many involuntary muscle activities.

Answer 61

Upper motor neurons (IN THE BRAIN)

Question 62

These neurons actually go into a muscle cell and its cell body in the spinal cord and its axon in the periphery.

Answer 62

Lower motor neurons

Question 63

What are the subcortical nuclei?

Answer 63

Areas of gray matter that lie deep within the cerebral hemispheres.

Question 64

What is the primary function of the subcortical nuclei?

Answer 64

Bring information into the cerebrum, carry information out, and connect different areas within a hemisphere.

Question 65

Subcortical nuclei play an important role in

Answer 65

controlling movement, posture and the complex aspects of behavior.

Question 66

What THREE things are contained in the Diencephalon?

Answer 66

Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus

Question 67

What is the key role of the Thalamus?

Answer 67

Arousal and in focusing attention

Question 68

What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?

Answer 68

Master command center for the neural-endocrine coordination

Question 69

Which gland is contained in the epithalamus? What is the role of this?

Answer 69

Pineal Gland (Biological rhythm regulation)

Question 70

This system is a “coalition” of forebrain areas (parts of cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothal) which coordinates emotional centers and and endocrine signals.

Answer 70

Limbic System

Question 71

Where do afferent nerve fibers/"signals" enter the spinal cord? Where do efferent nerve fibers/"signal" leave the spinal cord?

Answer 71

Dorsally Ventrally (REMEMBER: IN through the back, OUT through the front)

Question 72

In the peripheral nervous system, the somatic division can only lead to muscle _________.

Answer 72

Excitation

Question 73

In the peripheral nervous system, the autonomic division can be either _______ or _______.

Answer 73

Excitatory Inhibitory