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Med physiology - Quiz 3 > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

In the human body, the endocrine system has ______ control over the human body, where as the nervous system has ____ control.

A

Slow

Fast

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2
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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3
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Nerves that connect the brain or spinal cord with the body’s muscles, glands, and sense organs.

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4
Q

How do axons get their “supplies”?

A

“Supplies” move DOWN the axon and back UP the axon using moving proteins

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5
Q

Neurons are ______, which means they do not divide.

A

Amitotic

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6
Q

Neurons have a ____ ____ metabolic rate, meaning they need a lot of _______ and have a lot of ________.

A

Very High

Glucose

Mitochondria

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7
Q

T/F: Neurons are the most numerous cell in the CNS

A

False (Glial cells are)

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8
Q

This type of glial cell works in healing, ion concentration regulation, synapse formation, and creates a framework for neurons.

A

Astrocytes

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9
Q

This type of glial cells form and maintain myelin in the CNS.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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10
Q

This type of glial cells are important “workers” in the immune system.

A

Microglia (CNS Macrophages)

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11
Q

This type of glial cell creates CSF in the CNS.

A

Ependymal cells

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12
Q

This type of glial cells create myelin in the PNS.

A

Schwann Cells

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13
Q

Are afferent neurons in the CNS, PNS, or Both?

A

Afferent neurons cell body and long peripheral process are in the PNS while the central process of the axon is in the CNS

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14
Q

Are efferent neurons in the CNS, PNS, or Both?

A

The cell body, dendrites, and a small amount of the axon are in the CNS, while most of the axon is in the PNS

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15
Q

Are interneurons in the CNS, PNS, or Both?

A

Inter neurons are entirely in the CNS.

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16
Q

Interneurons account for ____% of all neurons.

A

> 99

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17
Q

Afferent nerves get ______ by a stimulus;

Efferent nerves cause an _______.

A

affected

effect

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18
Q

T/F: peripheral portions of nerves can sometimes regenerate a bit because of their Schwann Cells

A

True

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19
Q

T/F: Completely CNS neurons can also regenerate

A

False (Completely CNS neuron can not regenerate at all)

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20
Q

axons are severed, they can repair themselves and restore significant function only if the damage occurs _______ the central nervous system

A

Outside

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21
Q

axon regrowth proceeds at a rate of only ___ mm per day.

A

1

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22
Q

Charge is more ______ outside the cell. Charge is more ______ inside the cell. What is this called?

A

positive

negative

RMP

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23
Q

Describe the function of the Na+/K+ pump

A

It is an active transport pump that uses ATP to transport 3 Na+ (Against the concentration gradient) outside of the cell and 2 K+ (Against the concentration gradient) into the cell creating a negative resting cell membrane (negative interior).

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24
Q

What would happen to the RMP if there was no ATP to run the Na+/K+ pump?

A

It would create a less negative RMP. (Na+ can still enter the cell through Facilitated diffusion, and K+ can still leave the cell through Facilitated diffusion)

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25
Q

This is the potential moving from RMP to less negative values.

A

Depolarization

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26
Q

This is the potential moving back to the RMP

A

Repolarization

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27
Q

This is the potential moving away from the RMP in a more negative direction.

A

Hyperpolarization

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28
Q

Threshold can be reached when there are more ______ than ______.

A

EPSPs > IPSPs

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29
Q

What do lidocaine, procaine, marcaine, and tetrotoxin do in regards to the action potential?

A

They block voltage-gated Na+ channels, prevents an action potential. Without an action potential nerves can not send “signals”.

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30
Q

T/F: Another action potential can be sent during the absolute refractory period of “a nerve signal”.

A

False (it can not be sent)

31
Q

During the relative refractory period of “a nerve signal”. another action potential can be sent, BUT it needs be ________ to over come _________.

A

bigger

hyperpolarization

32
Q

Action potential occurs at the _____ __ _______.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

33
Q

Action potentials jump from one node to the next as they propagate along a myelinated fiber is known as ________ _________.

A

Saltatory conduction

34
Q

What THREE things do myelin do?

A
  1. Add speed to nerve signaling
  2. Reduce metabolic cost
  3. Save room in the nervous system (allows for axons to be thinner)
35
Q

Synapses can pass information ______ or ________ and can be ________ or _________.

A

Chemically
Electrically

Inhibitory
Excitatory

36
Q

What do synapses use?

A

Neurotransmitters

37
Q

Pre- and post-synaptic cells are connected by ___ ______ when the signal is electrical.

A

gap-junctions

38
Q

Autoregulation of a synapse is a _________ feedback loop and a type of _______ signalling.

A

Negative

Autocrine

39
Q

This neurotransmitter is ALWAYS the first signaler on efferent pathways to the peripheral nervous system.

A

Acetylcholine

40
Q

This neurotransmitter (often nurepinephrine, epinephrine) is important in the SNS and once they’re released into the synapses\ they are either taken back up in the pre-synaptic cell or destroyed.

A

Catecholamine

41
Q

This neurotransmitter is slower than others, acts as a modulator, and is always released with another neurotransmitter.

A

Serotonin

42
Q

Serotonin is ______ in muscle pathways and _____ in sensory pathways.

A

Excitatory

Inhibitory

43
Q

This neurotransmittor is made in the cell body and transported down the axon for release.

A

Endogenous Opiods

44
Q

Endogenous opiods have an effect on what three things?

A

Appetite, Mood, Emotion

45
Q

Work through the mechanism of tetanus.

A

Tetanus inhibits GABA (which typically inhibits muscle contraction), so you developed muscle spasms

46
Q

Work through the mechanism of Botulism.

A

Boutlism interferes with the actions of SNARE proteins at the excitatory synpases in active muscles, SO you develop muscle paralysis

47
Q

What two divisions do the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

Afferent (Somatic, Visceral, Special Sensory)

Efferent (Somatic and Autonomic Motor)

48
Q

The forebrain consists of these two structures.

A

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

49
Q

This portion of the brain consists of right and left hemispheres + other structures on the underside of the brain.

A

Cerebrum

50
Q

The _______ helps connect the right/left hemispheres of the cerebrum.

A

Dienchephalon

51
Q

Each hemisphere of the cerebrum has a _____ ______.

A

Cerebral cortex

52
Q

What composes the white matter of the cerebral cortex? What composes the gray matter?

A

White matter: Myelinatation of the axon

Grey matter: Cell bodies

53
Q

What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?

A

Integration and processing of afferent information to create an effect on the motor and/or endocrine systems.

54
Q

The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by the _____ ______.

A

Corpus Callosum

55
Q

What are the FOUR lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal
56
Q

The folds in the cerebral cortex increase what?

A

Surface area

57
Q

What are the primary functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Reasoning
Planning
Movement

58
Q

What are the primary functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Movement

Perception of stimuli

59
Q

What are the primary function of the Occipital lobe?

A

Visual processing

60
Q

What are the primary functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Perception/Recognition of auditory stimuli

Memory

61
Q

These direct voluntary movements and integrate signals to create many involuntary muscle activities.

A

Upper motor neurons (IN THE BRAIN)

62
Q

These neurons actually go into a muscle cell and its cell body in the spinal cord and its axon in the periphery.

A

Lower motor neurons

63
Q

What are the subcortical nuclei?

A

Areas of gray matter that lie deep within the cerebral hemispheres.

64
Q

What is the primary function of the subcortical nuclei?

A

Bring information into the cerebrum, carry information out, and connect different areas within a hemisphere.

65
Q

Subcortical nuclei play an important role in

A

controlling movement, posture and the complex aspects of behavior.

66
Q

What THREE things are contained in the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

67
Q

What is the key role of the Thalamus?

A

Arousal and in focusing attention

68
Q

What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?

A

Master command center for the neural-endocrine coordination

69
Q

Which gland is contained in the epithalamus? What is the role of this?

A

Pineal Gland (Biological rhythm regulation)

70
Q

This system is a “coalition” of forebrain areas (parts of cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothal) which coordinates emotional centers and and endocrine signals.

A

Limbic System

71
Q

Where do afferent nerve fibers/”signals” enter the spinal cord? Where do efferent nerve fibers/”signal” leave the spinal cord?

A

Dorsally

Ventrally

(REMEMBER: IN through the back, OUT through the front)

72
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, the somatic division can only lead to muscle _________.

A

Excitation

73
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, the autonomic division can be either _______ or _______.

A

Excitatory

Inhibitory

Med physiology - Quiz 3 (3 decks)

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