Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Med physiology - Quiz 3 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

The secretion of too little hormone is known as __________.

A

Hyposecretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The secretion of too much hormone is known as __________.

A

Hypersecretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

This occurs when the receptors on target cells are under-responsive to a hormone.

A

Hyporesponsiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

This occurs when the receptors on target cells are over-responsive to a hormone.

A

Hyperresponsiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a primary disorder?

A

the disorder is located primarily in the end-organ. (Ex: primary hypothyroidism is underproduction of thyroid hormone, which happens because of problems in the thyroid itself.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a secondary disorder?

A

The source of the disorder is somewhere besides the end-organ, usually the hypothalamus or the pituitary. (Ex: Secondary Hypercortisolism happens because of a pituitary tumor that makes too much ACTH, causing the adrenal gland to make too much cortisol.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Secretion of CRH in the hypothalamus stimulates the secretion of _______ in the anterior pituitary

A

ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Secretion of TRH in the hypothalamus stimulates the secretion of _______ in the anterior pituitary

A

TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Secretion of GHRH in the hypothalamus stimulates the secretion of _______ in the anterior pituitary

A

GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Secretion of SS in the hypothalamus inhibits the secretion of _______ in the anterior pituitary

A

GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 forms of thyroid hormones?

A

T3 (3 iodide groups)

T4 (4 iodide groups)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Draw the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (target gland axis) feedback loop

A

Neural inputs –>
TRH secretion in the hypothalamus –>
Increase in plasma TRH –>
TSH secretion in the anterior pituitary –>
Increase in serum TSH –>
T3/T4 secretion by the thyroid gland –>
Increase in plasma T3/T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T3/T4 ________ feeds back to the _______ and the_______

A

Negatively

Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T4 is converted ___ in a response to an _______ level in T3

A

T3

Increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the THREE actions of thyroid hormones?

A
  1. Metabolic Actions (Speeds metabolic processes)
  2. Permissive Actions (Magnifies the effect of other hormones)
  3. Growth/Development (Acts in conjunction with GH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  1. You are on your gynecology rotation and have scrubbed in on your first surgery—an oophorectomy being performed on an ovarian mass. The ovary is removed and sent to pathology for a frozen section—a quick pathological look to see if the mass is cancerous or not. The pathologist calls your OR and informs you, excitedly, that the patient has an ovarian tumor called a struma ovarii—a tumor which secretes active thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) whether it is stimulated or not.

a. is this patient hyperthyroid, euthyroid, or hypothyroid?
b. Is her condition primary, or secondary?
c. Will the following labs be low, normal or elevated?
i. TSH
ii. FT4
iii. T3
iv. TRH

A

A. Hyperthyroid
B. Secondary
C.

i. TSH is LOW
ii. T4 is HIGH
iii. T3 is HIGH
iv. TRH is LOW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  1. President John F. Kennedy is one of the most famous people to have Addison’s Disease (primary adrenal insufficiency). How would you expect this disease to affect his:

a. Serum Cortisol?
b. Serum ACTH?
c. Serum Potassium? (Hint: Aldosterone production can also be affected by Addison’s disease)
d. Serum Sodium?

(REMEMBER: In normal renal function the kidneys “absorb” K+ and excrete Na+)

A

A. Low
B. High
C. Elevated
D. Decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  1. A 23 year old female patient has been found to have a large pituitary tumor; your PA preceptor thinks this may be an ACTH- secreting tumor, so she wants you to look for lab evidence that would support this idea.

a. If this is an ACTH- secreting tumor, what condition would you expect this patient to have? (specify hyper or hypo, primary or secondary)
b. What would likely be true of this patient’s levels of:
i. ACTH?
ii. Cortisol?
iii. Glucose?

A

A. Secondary hypercortisolemia
B.

i. HIGH
ii. HIGH
iii. HIGH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Richard Keil is an american actor with acromegaly. This is a hard disease to diagnose. It is most common with GH-producing pituitary tumors.

a. What change in his IGF-1 levels would you expect to see compared to the norm?
b. What is the typical GH response when a patient is given a glucose load? How would Richard Kiel’s response be different? .

A

A. Elevated (high)

B. Usually, GH decreases after a large glucose load (1-2 hours later). Richard Kiel’s will remain high.

20
Q
  1. A 15 year old boy has come to see you for mental status changes and recurrent bone injury including two bones which have broken with only minimal exertion. You find out that he has abnormal serum calcium levels and osteoporosis.

a. What feedback loop is likely to be affected for him? Is he hypo- or hyper secretory of the active hormone?
b. What gland in this boy’s body might have a tumor growing within it?
c. Are his serum calcium levels low, or high?

A

A. the PTH loop with calcium. He is probably hyperparathyroid.

B. His parathyroid glands.

C. High. PTH causes serum calcium levels to go up—by stimulating the bowel to absorb Ca++ better, the bone to release Ca++ , and the kidney to decrease the amount of calcium that is excreted int o the urine (in other words, to save calcium). So oddly enough, this boy will have elevated serum calcium but also may have significant osteoporosis.

21
Q

What is the permissive function of cortisol?

A

The action of epinephrine and norepinephrine on muscles and blood vessels.

22
Q

How does cortisol work as a maintainer of glucose?

A

Ensures that there are adequate cellular concentrations of the enzymes required to produce glucose between meals.

23
Q

How does cortisol work as a decreaser of inflammation?

A

It mediates events that are associated with the inflammatory response, such as capillary permeability and production of prostaglandins.

24
Q

If you give a dose of cortisol (corticosteroids) what would happen to glucose? Inflammation?

A

Glucose would increase and inflammation would decrease

25
Q

Understand the hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

A 
Stress --> 
Hypothalamus secretes CRF --> 
Anterior pituitary secretes ACTH --> 
Kidneys secrete cortisol --> 
Metabolic effects
26
Q

In the H-P-A axis, Cortisol _______ feedback on the ______ _______

A

Positively

Metabolic effects

27
Q

In the H-P-A axis, Cortisol _______ feedback on the ______ and the ______

A

Negatively

Anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus

28
Q

In the H-P-A axis, metabolic effects created by cortisol _______ feedback on _____.

A

negatively

Stress

29
Q

The general term for any situation in which plasma levels of cortisol are chronically lower than normal is ________ _________.

A

Adrenal insufficiency

30
Q

Aldosterone is a regulator of ____/____ and ______ in the blood.

A

Na+/K+

Water

31
Q

Primary adrenal insufficiency is also known as _____ _______.

A

Addison’s disease

32
Q

This is a disease in which there is excess cortisol in the blood, even when no stress is present.

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

33
Q

Growth hormone is the major stimulus of _____-_____ growth.

A

Post-natal

34
Q

GH secretes ____-__ which is an ______-like growth factor.

A

IGF-1

Insulin-like

35
Q

Understand the growth-hormone feedback loop.

A

Stimulus (exercise, stress, fasting) –>
Hypothalamus increases secretion of GHRH and decreases secretion of SS –>
Increase in plasma GHRH and decrease in plasma SS –> Increased GH secretion by the anterior pituitary –>
Increase in plasma GH —>
Increase in IGF-1 secretion by the liver –>
Increase in plasma IGF-1

36
Q

In the growth-hormone feedback loop, an increase in plasma IGF-1 ______ feedbacks to the __________. This ________ SS secretion.

A

Positively

Hypothalamus

increases

37
Q

In the growth-hormone feedback loop, an increase in plasma IGF-1 ______ feedbacks to the _______ (decreasing GHRH secretion), _________ (decreasing GH secretion), and the ________ (decreasing IGF-1 secretion)

A

Negatively

Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Liver

38
Q

How does GH act as an anti-insulin….

A
  1. Raises glucose levels
  2. Hinders the function of insulin already present
  3. Causes the liver to make glucose
39
Q

Understand the H-P axis with regards to Ca2++ in the bone/plasma.

A

Decrease in serum Ca2++ –>
Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone –>
Increase in serum parathyroid hormone –>
Bone reabsorbs parathyroid hormone –>
Bone releases Ca2++ in to the plasma –>
Restoration in plasma Ca2++ levels.

40
Q

Understand the Insulin/glucagon axis when there is an increase in plasma glucose

A

Increase in plasma glucose –>
Increase in insulin secretion from pancreatic islet beta cells –>
Increase plasma insulin –>
IN THE ADIPOCYTES/MUSCLE: Increase glucose uptake

IN THE LIVER: Cessation of glucose output –>
Restoration of plasma glucose

41
Q

Understand the Insulin/glucagon axis when there is an decrease in plasma glucose

A

Decrease in plasma glucose –>
Increase in glucagon secretion from the pancreatic islet alpha cells –>
Increase in plasma glucagon –>
IN THE LIVER:
Increase in glycogenolysis, gluconeogensis, and ketone synthesis –>
Increase inplasma glucose/ketones

42
Q

What happens in the muscles when plasma insulin is high?

A

Increase in glucose uptake and utilization

43
Q

What happens in the adipocytes when plasma insulin is high?

A

Increase in glucose uptake and utilization

44
Q

What happens in the liver when plasma insulin is high?

A

Increase in glucose uptake

45
Q

What happens in the muscle when plasma insulin is low?

A

Decrease in glucose uptake and utilization

46
Q

What happens in the adipocytes when plasma insulin is low?

A

Decrease in glucose uptake and utilization

47
Q

What happens in the liver when plasma insulin is low?

A

Increase in glucose release

Increase in ketone synthesis

Med physiology - Quiz 3 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions