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2a Peer Teaching Revision Cards > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a transient ischaemic attack?

A

transient episode of neurological dysfunction

caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischaemia

without acute infarction

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2
Q

What are the risk factors fro a TIA?

A

Older age
Male
Previous TIA
Smoking
Physical inactivity
Hypertension
AF
Carotid artery disease
Hyperlipidaemia
Diabetes

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3
Q

How does a TIA present?

A

Sudden onset of+ resolves within an hour:
Unilateral weakness or sensory loss
Aphasia or dysarthria
Ataxia, vertigo or loss of balance
Visual problems

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4
Q

How are TIAs investigated?

A

MRI head
Carotid Doppler

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5
Q

What medication given in a TIA?

A

Aspirin 300mg

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6
Q

What is given to prevent TIAs?

A

Clopidogrel (if can’t tolerate - aspirin + dipyridamole)

Statin (atorvastatin)

Carotid endarectomy (>70% carotid stenosis)

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7
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Sudden onset neurological deficit

Due to ishaemic or haemorrhagic compromise in the blood supply to the brain

Lasts more than 24 hours/evidence of infarction

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8
Q

What is an ischaemic stroke?

A

Vascular occlusion or stenosis causing inadequate blood flow to parts of the brain

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9
Q

What is a haemorrhagic stroke?

A

Vascular rupture of a vessel in the brain causing haemorrhage

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10
Q

What are the identification tools used to identify ischaemic strokes?

A

FAST (community)

ROSIER score (hospital)

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11
Q

How is an ischaemic stroke investigated?

A

Blood glucose (hypoglycaemia?)

Non-contrast CT head (haemorrhage?)

MRI (shows vascular territory effected)

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12
Q

How is an ischaemic stroke managed?

A

Thrombolysis with ateplase

Mechanical thrombectomy

Aspirin 300mg daily for 2 weeks

No driving for 1 month

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13
Q

What are the contraindications for thrombolysis with ateplase?

A

Active internal bleeding
Recent haemorrhage
Recent surgery
Recent head injury
Bleeding disorder/coagulation
Stroke < 3 months
Sever hypertension

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14
Q

How are strokes classified?

A

Bamford/oxford stroke classification

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15
Q

What is the criteria for a total anterior circulation stroke (TACS)?

A

All 3 of:

  • unilateral weakness (+/- sensory deficit) of the face, arm and leg
  • homonymous hemianopia
  • higher cerebral dysfunction (dysphasia, visuospatial disorder)
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16
Q

What is the criteria for a partial anterior circulation stroke (PACS)?

A

Any 2 of:

  • unilateral weakness (+/- sensory deficit) of the face, arm and leg
  • homonymous hemianopia
  • higher cerebral dysfunction (dysphasia, visuospatial disorder)
17
Q

What is the criteria for lacunar syndrome (LACS)?

A

1 of:

  • pure sensory stroke
  • pure motor stroke

-sensory-motor stroke

  • ataxic hemiparesis
18
Q

What is the criteria for posterior circulation syndrome (POCS)?

A

1 of:

  • cranial nerve palsy + a contralateral motor/sensory deficit
  • bilateral motor/sensory deficit
  • conjugate eye movement disorder (e.g., gaze palsy)
  • cerebellar dysfunction (e.g., ataxia, nystagmus, vertigo)
  • isolated homonymous hemianopia or cortical blindness
19
Q

What does a lesion in the anterior cerebral artery cause?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis + sensory loss in lower extremity > upper

20
Q

What does a lesion in the middle cerebral artery cause?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis + sensory loss in lower extremity > upper

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

Aphasia

21
Q

What does a lesion in the posterior cerebral artery cause?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

Visual agnosia

22
Q

What does weber’s syndrome cause?

Weber’s - branches of the posterior cerebral artery that supply the midbrain

A

Ipsilateral CN 3 palsy

Contralateral weakness of upper and lower extremity

23
Q

What does a lesion in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery cause?

(Lateral medullary syndrome/Wallenberg syndrome)

A

Ipsilateral: facial pain + temperature loss

Contralateral: limb/torso pain + temperature loss

Ataxia, nystagmus

24
Q

What does a lesion in the anterior inferior cerebellar artery cause?

(Lateral pontine syndrome)

A

Similar to Wallenberg’s but:

Ipsilateral: facial paralysis + deafness

25
Q

What does a lesion in the retinal/opthalmic artery cause?

A

Amaurosis fugax (temporary vision loss in 1 or both eyes due to lack of blood flow to the retina)

26
Q

What does a lesion in the basilar artery cause?

A

‘Locked- in’ syndrome

27
Q

What is Cushing’s triad?

A

Bradycardia

Irregular respirations

Hypertension

28
Q

How can a raised intercranial pressure be treated in a haemorrhagic stroke?

A

Mannitol

29
Q

How can a raised intercranial pressure be treated in a haemorrhagic stroke?

A

Mannitol

30
Q

Where does a intracerebral haemorrhage most commonly occur?

A

Basal ganglia

31
Q

Where does a intracerebral haemorrhage most commonly occur?

A

Basal ganglia

2a Peer Teaching Revision Cards (2 decks)

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