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Gross Anatomy 1 > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

The peripheral nervous system is made up of (2)

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of peripheral nerves

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2
Q

The Periphearl nervous system is prone to injury because

A

there is no bony protection of the nerves

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3
Q

What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system and Somatic nervous system

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4
Q

The voluntary division of hte nervous system takes in information of

A

Sensory and provides motor

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5
Q

The autonomic nervous system is in control of

A

Smooth muscle, glands, and internal organs

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6
Q

What are the Further divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

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7
Q

Where does the sympathetic nervous system begin

A

lateral grey horn of T1 through L2-L3

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8
Q

The intercostobrachial nerve of T2 is a unique spinal nerve as (3)

A

It has no antihero and posterior branch split, communicates with the radial nerve, and is the nerve that provides referred cardiac pain the Left arm

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9
Q

The spinal cord exits via the ___ and concludes as the

A

Exits via the foremen magnum (through L2) concluding as conus medularis

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10
Q

Where does the dura sac end

A

S2

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11
Q

The pia mater is made up of

A

Dentate ligaments (stabilize cord) and filum terminals (attache to coccyx)

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12
Q

The grey matter is made up of

A

Non-myelinated cell bodies and components of cells

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13
Q

The dorsal horn is found

A

As posterior grey column

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14
Q

What type of information does the dorsal horn transmit

A

Sensory information to the CNS

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15
Q

The ventral horn is found as

A

The anterior grey column

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16
Q

What type of information does the ventral horn communicate

A

Motor information from CNS to skeletal muscles

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17
Q

The lateral grey horn transmits what type of information

A

Autonomic information

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18
Q

Where does information from the lateral grey horn come from

A

T1-L2/L3

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19
Q

White matter is made up of

A

Axons (myelinated or Unmyelinated) , tracts, and myelin

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20
Q

The cell bodies in white matter are called

A

ganglion

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21
Q

The cell bodies in grey matter are called

A

Nuclei

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22
Q

Dorsal and ventral roots come from what region

A

T1-L3

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23
Q

What do ventral and dorsal roots carry

A

Preganglion sympathicis

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24
Q

Dorsal Roots carry what type of information

A

Sensory (afferent) information

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25
Q

Where are the sensory fibers of dorsal roots from

A

Somatic afferents of skin and skeletal muscles, providing GSA information.
Visceral afferents of visceral and blood (GVA)

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26
Q

Where do the afferent branch’s of the dorsal roots branch

A

Branch after entering the cord

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27
Q

How can information that does not originate from the levels of T1-L2/L3 enter dorsal roots

A

Some branches will run up or down the cord to synapse at different levels

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28
Q

Ventral roots contain

A

Motor (efferent) fibers within cell bodies in the spinal cord

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29
Q

T1-L2/L3 and S2/S4 ventral roots contain 2 types of motor fibers which are

A

Somatic efferent (GSE) and Autonomic efferents (GVE)

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30
Q

Ventral roots outside of T1-L2/L3 and S2-S4 contain ONLY

A

Somatic efferents

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31
Q

The meninges branch is found

A

Near the ventral and dorsal ramifications before rami communicates

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32
Q

The rami communicantes are

A

Communication between spinal nerves and the sympathetic trunk

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33
Q

At what structures does the Meningeal branch re enter the IVF (5)

A

Z-joints, annulus fibrosis, ligaments of spinal cord, meninges, vessels of cord

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34
Q

Dorsal rami provide information of the

A

Intrinsic muscles and skin of back

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35
Q

Ventral rami provide information of the

A

Plexus and autonomics

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36
Q

The ramifications communicantes of ventral ramus are made up of

A

White and grey rami

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37
Q

White rami are attached only to

A

Spinal nerves of T1-L2/L3

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38
Q

What do white rami transmit

A

Outgoing sympathetic preganglionic fibers to autonomic ganglia and incoming visceral afferents

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39
Q

Grey rami are attached to

A

All spinal nerves

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40
Q

Grey rami contain

A

Incoming sympathetic postganglionic fibers which supply body wall

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41
Q

Dorsal and ventral roots combine to form what structure

A

Spinal nerve

42
Q

The spinal nerve carries (3)

A

Sensory fibers, motor fibers, and ANS fibers

43
Q

The autonomic nervous pathway is a two nerve pathway made up of

A

Preganglionic (presynpatic) fibers (CNS) and Postganglionic (postsynaptic) fibers (PNS)

44
Q

the cervical outflow of ANS (Crainal nerve 3,7,9,10) are

A

Parasympathetic fibers

45
Q

The thoraci outflow from T1-L2/L3 carry

A

Sympathetic fibers

46
Q

The sacral outflow of ANS (S2-S4) contains

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers

47
Q

Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathic division leave the CNS as

A

Cranial nerves or as part of ventral roots from sacral spinal nerves

48
Q

How are parasympathetic ganglia spaced

A

Not regularly spaced

49
Q

Preganglionic neurons release

A

Acetylcholine (cholinergic)

50
Q

Postganglionic neurons secrete

A

Acetylcholine (cholinergic)

51
Q

Terminal ganglia tend to be close to

A

The effected organ

52
Q

In the gut terminal ganglia are termed

A

Myenteric plexus

53
Q

Myenteric plexus provides motor innervation to

A

Both layers of muscle in the GI tract

54
Q

The motor innervation of the GI tract is from what fibers

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

55
Q

Where does the Myenteric plexus arise from

A

Cranial nerve 10 (vagus)

56
Q

Submucous plexus carries only

A

Parasympathetic

57
Q

Submucous plexus controls

A

Glandular secretion

58
Q

Parasympathic information form cranial outflow and Sacral outflow is responsible for

A

Innervation of one tissue type only

59
Q

Parasympathic fibers of the head come form

A

Preganglionic of cranial nerves 3,7,9

60
Q

The parasympathic fibers of thoraci and abdominal viscera also includes the

A

Colon to junction of right 2/3 and left 1/3 of transverse colon

61
Q

Where do the parasympathic preganglioncs come from in the throaic and abdominal viscera

A

Cranial nerve 10

62
Q

Where do preganglionics of pelvic visceral come from

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

63
Q

Most postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division are described as adrenergic except (3)

A

Postganglionic is that innervate sweat glands (cholergic)
Preganglionic fibers to adrenal medulla
Preganglionics to kidneys

64
Q

Where are sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies found

A

Lateral grey column

65
Q

Sympathetic ganglia are found in the 2

A

Sympathetic trunk and collateral ganglia

66
Q

The sympathetic trunk takes in information via

A

In via white rami communicantes and out via grey rami communicantes

67
Q

Collateral ganglia are found around

A

The base of great vessels of the abdomen

68
Q

there are how many pairs in the sympathetic trunk

A

22 pairs

69
Q

What are the 3 cervical sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

Superior cervical ganglia, middle cervical ganglia, inferior cervical ganglia

70
Q

The 11/12 thoracic sympathetic ganglia are teh

A

Thoracic splancnics (cardiopulmonary, greater, lesser, legal salt

71
Q

The 4 lumbar sympathics give rise to

A

Lumbar splanchnics

72
Q

The first 2 lumbar splanchnics have

A

White rami

73
Q

How many sacral splanchnics are there

A

Usually 5

74
Q

Preganglionic cells exit via

A

Ventral roots

75
Q

Describe the exit of preganglionic cells

A

Mixed spinal nerve, white rami communicantes, sympathetic chanin ganglion, multiple options

76
Q

What are the 4 options for preganglionic cells once they leave ventral roots

A

Synapse immediately, descend, ascend, pass through

77
Q

When preganglionic cells synapse immediately what happens

A

they recenter the spinal nerve via grey rami communicantes

78
Q

Where do preganglionic cells that synapse immediately head towards

A

Body wall and extremities

79
Q

When preganglionic cells deserve what happens

A

They synapse in a ganglion at a lower lever, useful below L2/L3

80
Q

When preganglionic cells ascend what occurs

A

They synapse in a ganglion at a higher level, useful above T1

81
Q

When preganglionic cells pass through what happens

A

Pass through the trunk to course as the splanchnics nerves

82
Q

The original fiber of white rami communicates is termed as

A

Preganglionic as it has not reached its ganglion of synapse

83
Q

the preganglionic fiber of white rami communicates pathway is

A

Emerges from spinal cord with anterior spinal root fibers, continues as a mixed spinal nerve, and leaves spinal nerve or joins a sympathetic ganglia

84
Q

Why are white rami communicates white

A

Have a white color due to myelin

85
Q

These ramifications communicates are relatively short after they leave the spinal nerve

A

White rami communicantes as they quickly reach the sympathetic trunk

86
Q

Which spinal nerves are white rami communicates present

A

Spinal Nerves T1-L2/L3

87
Q

Sympatheic preganglions will go to

A

The head, thoracic viscera, abdominal and pelvic viscera, and body wall/extremieties

88
Q

Sympathetic preganglioncs synapse mainly in the

A

Superior cervical ganglion

89
Q

Sympathetic preganglions of the thoracic viper a synpase in the _____ (4) parts of the sympathetic trunk

A

Superior, middle, inferior cervical ganglia and upper4-5 ganglia of thoracic

90
Q

Sympathetic preganglion of a domain and pelvic viscera synapse in the (3)

A

Celiac, superior, or inferior messengers collateral ganglia

91
Q

Sympathetic preganglionics synapse in the

A

Sympathetic trunk

92
Q

Post synaptic sympathetic fibers are

A

Much more numerous than presynpatic sympathic fibers

93
Q

Post synaptic sympathetic fibers if destined for the neck body wall and limbs pass from _____ to ____

A

Paravertebral ganglia to adjacent anterior rami of Spinal nerves via gray rami communicantes

94
Q

Post synaptic sympathetic fibers stimulate (3)

A

Contraction of blood vessels, contraction of arrector muscles, and cause sweating

95
Q

Splanchnics nerves convey

A

Visceral efferent and afferent fibers to and from the visceral of body

96
Q

If post synaptic sympathetic fibers are destined for the thoracic cavity they pass through

A

Cardiopulmonary splanchnics nerves to enter cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexus

97
Q

Presynpatic sympathic fibers involved in innervation of viscera of the abdominopelvic cavity are used to

A

Slow the function of GI

98
Q

Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers are components of

A

Virtually all branches of spinal nerves

99
Q

The Splanchnics nerves are made up of 6 groups which are

A

Cervical, Cardiopulmonary, thoracic splanchnic, lumbar, sacral, and pelvic

100
Q

In general the sympathetic is

A

Catabolic, allowing the body to deal with stress

101
Q

In general the parasympathetic system is a

A

Anabolic system, promoting rest and digest processes of body

Gross Anatomy 1 (10 decks)

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