Neurology Flashcards
The peripheral nervous system is made up of (2)
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of peripheral nerves
The Periphearl nervous system is prone to injury because
there is no bony protection of the nerves
What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system and Somatic nervous system
The voluntary division of hte nervous system takes in information of
Sensory and provides motor
The autonomic nervous system is in control of
Smooth muscle, glands, and internal organs
What are the Further divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric
Where does the sympathetic nervous system begin
lateral grey horn of T1 through L2-L3
The intercostobrachial nerve of T2 is a unique spinal nerve as (3)
It has no antihero and posterior branch split, communicates with the radial nerve, and is the nerve that provides referred cardiac pain the Left arm
The spinal cord exits via the ___ and concludes as the
Exits via the foremen magnum (through L2) concluding as conus medularis
Where does the dura sac end
S2
The pia mater is made up of
Dentate ligaments (stabilize cord) and filum terminals (attache to coccyx)
The grey matter is made up of
Non-myelinated cell bodies and components of cells
The dorsal horn is found
As posterior grey column
What type of information does the dorsal horn transmit
Sensory information to the CNS
The ventral horn is found as
The anterior grey column
What type of information does the ventral horn communicate
Motor information from CNS to skeletal muscles
The lateral grey horn transmits what type of information
Autonomic information
Where does information from the lateral grey horn come from
T1-L2/L3
White matter is made up of
Axons (myelinated or Unmyelinated) , tracts, and myelin
The cell bodies in white matter are called
ganglion
The cell bodies in grey matter are called
Nuclei
Dorsal and ventral roots come from what region
T1-L3
What do ventral and dorsal roots carry
Preganglion sympathicis
Dorsal Roots carry what type of information
Sensory (afferent) information
Where are the sensory fibers of dorsal roots from
Somatic afferents of skin and skeletal muscles, providing GSA information.
Visceral afferents of visceral and blood (GVA)
Where do the afferent branch’s of the dorsal roots branch
Branch after entering the cord
How can information that does not originate from the levels of T1-L2/L3 enter dorsal roots
Some branches will run up or down the cord to synapse at different levels
Ventral roots contain
Motor (efferent) fibers within cell bodies in the spinal cord
T1-L2/L3 and S2/S4 ventral roots contain 2 types of motor fibers which are
Somatic efferent (GSE) and Autonomic efferents (GVE)
Ventral roots outside of T1-L2/L3 and S2-S4 contain ONLY
Somatic efferents
The meninges branch is found
Near the ventral and dorsal ramifications before rami communicates
The rami communicantes are
Communication between spinal nerves and the sympathetic trunk
At what structures does the Meningeal branch re enter the IVF (5)
Z-joints, annulus fibrosis, ligaments of spinal cord, meninges, vessels of cord
Dorsal rami provide information of the
Intrinsic muscles and skin of back
Ventral rami provide information of the
Plexus and autonomics
The ramifications communicantes of ventral ramus are made up of
White and grey rami
White rami are attached only to
Spinal nerves of T1-L2/L3
What do white rami transmit
Outgoing sympathetic preganglionic fibers to autonomic ganglia and incoming visceral afferents
Grey rami are attached to
All spinal nerves
Grey rami contain
Incoming sympathetic postganglionic fibers which supply body wall
Dorsal and ventral roots combine to form what structure
Spinal nerve
The spinal nerve carries (3)
Sensory fibers, motor fibers, and ANS fibers
The autonomic nervous pathway is a two nerve pathway made up of
Preganglionic (presynpatic) fibers (CNS) and Postganglionic (postsynaptic) fibers (PNS)
the cervical outflow of ANS (Crainal nerve 3,7,9,10) are
Parasympathetic fibers
The thoraci outflow from T1-L2/L3 carry
Sympathetic fibers
The sacral outflow of ANS (S2-S4) contains
Parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers
Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathic division leave the CNS as
Cranial nerves or as part of ventral roots from sacral spinal nerves
How are parasympathetic ganglia spaced
Not regularly spaced
Preganglionic neurons release
Acetylcholine (cholinergic)
Postganglionic neurons secrete
Acetylcholine (cholinergic)
Terminal ganglia tend to be close to
The effected organ
In the gut terminal ganglia are termed
Myenteric plexus
Myenteric plexus provides motor innervation to
Both layers of muscle in the GI tract
The motor innervation of the GI tract is from what fibers
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Where does the Myenteric plexus arise from
Cranial nerve 10 (vagus)
Submucous plexus carries only
Parasympathetic
Submucous plexus controls
Glandular secretion
Parasympathic information form cranial outflow and Sacral outflow is responsible for
Innervation of one tissue type only
Parasympathic fibers of the head come form
Preganglionic of cranial nerves 3,7,9
The parasympathic fibers of thoraci and abdominal viscera also includes the
Colon to junction of right 2/3 and left 1/3 of transverse colon
Where do the parasympathic preganglioncs come from in the throaic and abdominal viscera
Cranial nerve 10
Where do preganglionics of pelvic visceral come from
Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)
Most postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division are described as adrenergic except (3)
Postganglionic is that innervate sweat glands (cholergic)
Preganglionic fibers to adrenal medulla
Preganglionics to kidneys
Where are sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies found
Lateral grey column
Sympathetic ganglia are found in the 2
Sympathetic trunk and collateral ganglia
The sympathetic trunk takes in information via
In via white rami communicantes and out via grey rami communicantes
Collateral ganglia are found around
The base of great vessels of the abdomen
there are how many pairs in the sympathetic trunk
22 pairs
What are the 3 cervical sympathetic trunk ganglia
Superior cervical ganglia, middle cervical ganglia, inferior cervical ganglia
The 11/12 thoracic sympathetic ganglia are teh
Thoracic splancnics (cardiopulmonary, greater, lesser, legal salt
The 4 lumbar sympathics give rise to
Lumbar splanchnics
The first 2 lumbar splanchnics have
White rami
How many sacral splanchnics are there
Usually 5
Preganglionic cells exit via
Ventral roots
Describe the exit of preganglionic cells
Mixed spinal nerve, white rami communicantes, sympathetic chanin ganglion, multiple options
What are the 4 options for preganglionic cells once they leave ventral roots
Synapse immediately, descend, ascend, pass through
When preganglionic cells synapse immediately what happens
they recenter the spinal nerve via grey rami communicantes
Where do preganglionic cells that synapse immediately head towards
Body wall and extremities
When preganglionic cells deserve what happens
They synapse in a ganglion at a lower lever, useful below L2/L3
When preganglionic cells ascend what occurs
They synapse in a ganglion at a higher level, useful above T1
When preganglionic cells pass through what happens
Pass through the trunk to course as the splanchnics nerves
The original fiber of white rami communicates is termed as
Preganglionic as it has not reached its ganglion of synapse
the preganglionic fiber of white rami communicates pathway is
Emerges from spinal cord with anterior spinal root fibers, continues as a mixed spinal nerve, and leaves spinal nerve or joins a sympathetic ganglia
Why are white rami communicates white
Have a white color due to myelin
These ramifications communicates are relatively short after they leave the spinal nerve
White rami communicantes as they quickly reach the sympathetic trunk
Which spinal nerves are white rami communicates present
Spinal Nerves T1-L2/L3
Sympatheic preganglions will go to
The head, thoracic viscera, abdominal and pelvic viscera, and body wall/extremieties
Sympathetic preganglioncs synapse mainly in the
Superior cervical ganglion
Sympathetic preganglions of the thoracic viper a synpase in the _____ (4) parts of the sympathetic trunk
Superior, middle, inferior cervical ganglia and upper4-5 ganglia of thoracic
Sympathetic preganglion of a domain and pelvic viscera synapse in the (3)
Celiac, superior, or inferior messengers collateral ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionics synapse in the
Sympathetic trunk
Post synaptic sympathetic fibers are
Much more numerous than presynpatic sympathic fibers
Post synaptic sympathetic fibers if destined for the neck body wall and limbs pass from _____ to ____
Paravertebral ganglia to adjacent anterior rami of Spinal nerves via gray rami communicantes
Post synaptic sympathetic fibers stimulate (3)
Contraction of blood vessels, contraction of arrector muscles, and cause sweating
Splanchnics nerves convey
Visceral efferent and afferent fibers to and from the visceral of body
If post synaptic sympathetic fibers are destined for the thoracic cavity they pass through
Cardiopulmonary splanchnics nerves to enter cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexus
Presynpatic sympathic fibers involved in innervation of viscera of the abdominopelvic cavity are used to
Slow the function of GI
Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers are components of
Virtually all branches of spinal nerves
The Splanchnics nerves are made up of 6 groups which are
Cervical, Cardiopulmonary, thoracic splanchnic, lumbar, sacral, and pelvic
In general the sympathetic is
Catabolic, allowing the body to deal with stress
In general the parasympathetic system is a
Anabolic system, promoting rest and digest processes of body
