Neurology 1

Question 1

What type of innervation is sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation?

Answer 1

Motor innervation

Question 2

What is meant by the sympathetic sandwhich?

Answer 2

Sympathetic innervation normally arrives from the spinal cord regions T1-L2,
Parasympathetic innervation normally arises from cranial nerves and S2-4

Question 3

What is the enteric nervous system?

Answer 3

Nervous system of the gut
Composed on the submucosal plexus and the mysenteric plexus
Can function autonomously from the CNS, but can also be influenced by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.

Question 4

What does the submucosal plexus mainly control?

Answer 4

Controls local secretion and bloodflow to and from the submucosa
Local movement of the gut

Question 5

What does the mysenteric plexus normally do?

Answer 5

Controls muscle motility, main players in peristalsis
Intensity, velocity, tone and power of muscle contraction in the gut.

Question 6

Where is the mysenteric plexus normally found in the gut?

Answer 6

Between the circul and longitudinal smooth muscle layers in the muscularis externa layer of the gut tube.

Question 7

What nerves use prevertebral compared to para vertebral ganglia?

Answer 7

Para vertebral - sympathetic nerves in the sympathetic ganglia
Prevertebral gangia - splanchnic nerves, followed by a plexus often on the surface of blood vessels, then follow to supply the viscera.

Question 8

What is the general different between what splanchnic and sympathetic nerves supply?

Answer 8

Splanchnic nerves - supply the viscera
Sympathetic in the paravertebral ganglion - supply the skin and blood vessels.

Question 9

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the control of the ANS?

Answer 9

Hypothalamus recieves sensory inputs and compares these to cotextual information (biological desired set points), helps regulate the balance between para and sympathetic tone in order to achieve these set points.

Question 10

What is the difference between a column and a horn in the spinal cord?

Answer 10

Column - white matter
Horn - grey matter.

Question 11

What are the different cranial nerves?
Memory tips

Answer 11

On Old Olympus Towering Top A Fin Visted Germanies Very awkard hops
Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigemital Abducen Facial Vestibulocochlear Glassopharangeal, Vagus Accessory and Hypoglossal.

Question 12

What is the method to remember the type of innervation from each cranial nerve from 1 to 12?

Answer 12

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More
S - sensory
M - motor
B - both.

Question 13

What are the different components of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 13

Made up of somatic - voluntary movement by skeletal muscle
And visceral - movement of organs
Each spinal nerve may contain both visceral and somatic components

Question 14

Why is the spinal cord shorter than the vertebral column?

Answer 14

Spinal cord grew slower than the vertebrae in foetal development
Equal length at the end of the first trimester, then unequal by the end of the third trimester
Note nerves are named by where they leave the vertebrae not where they seperate from the spinal cord.

Question 15

What areas of the primary motor cortex are supplied by which blood vessels?

Answer 15

ACA = legs and trunk
MCA = face and hands
PCA = visual field and brain stem symptoms (loss or weakness of sensation or motor activity in the whole body)

Question 16

What makes up the premotor cortex?

Answer 16

Anterior to the primary motor cortex
Broadmann Area 6
Anterior to the primary motor cortex
Made up of the premotor cortex and the supplementary motor cortex
BA8, BA44/45

Question 17

What is the function of the premotor cortex?

Answer 17

Controlls the inititiation of movement
Supplementary motor cortex - coordinating bilateral movement and sequencing complex events
Premotor cortex - selects approporiate motor plans, eliminates movements for unwanted movement.

Question 18

What is an association cortex?

Answer 18

Make up the majority of the human brain
Involved in the thinking and processing behind movement, complex and process sensory information before the behavioural outputs.
Gives us the ability to have complex ideas, what separates us from other species

Question 19

What is the limbic system?

Answer 19

Regulates emotional and bevhavioural expression.
Found between the hypothalamus and the cerebrum.

Question 20

What is the frontal eye field?

Answer 20

Found in BA8
Directs eye movement

Question 21

What is the function of the Broca’s area?

Answer 21

Found in Broadmanns area 44 and 45, more predominant in the left hemisphere
Associates with production of speech, regulates speech alongside normal breathing problems.

Question 22

What is the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 22

A1- BA41
Topographic map of sound frequency , responsible for the ability to hear.

Question 23

What is the secondary primary cortex?

Answer 23

Also known as Wernicke’s area
Processes complex sound and localises sound.

Question 24

What are cortical areas?

Answer 24

Regions of the cerebral cortex
Each have a different function
Over 360 different functional areas.

Question 25

What is important to remember about the anterior corticospinal tract?

Answer 25

Still supplies muscles on the contralateral side of the body to where it originates in the primary motor cortex.
Crosses over at the level of synapse onto the contrlateral ventral horn
Unlike the lateral corticospinal tract which passes over at the medullar pyrimdalis.