Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Unit 6 Neurology > Introduction to the nervous system > Flashcards

Introduction to the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give an overview of the structure of neurons.

A

Neurons are highly diverse.
They have dendritic trees that connect to synapses.
Their nerve impulse is generated in the axon hillock, then spread down their axon and multiple collateral axons.
Neurons can have 10,000s of neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give an overview of the neurotransmitter glutamate.

A

Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS.
It has a role in memory and learning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give an overview of the neurotransmitter GABA.

A

Is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS.
Has a calming effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the different classifications of neuron?

A

Multipolar - most common, multiple dendrites and one axon
Bipolar - retina and olfactory mucosa, one axon and one dendrite extend from the cell body
Unipolar - not in humans
Pseudounipolar - one process extends from the body, then splits into two axons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Cells that provides homeostatic, metabolic and immune support to the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the six types of glia cells and where are they found?

A

CNS contains astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells
PNS contains satellite cells and schwann cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Maintain the blood brain barrier
Regulate the amount of neurotransmitter in the synapse
Regulate ion levels
Provide metabolic support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelinate CNS axons, provide a structural framework.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of micrglial cells?

A

Brains immune cells remove dead cells and pathogens by phagocytosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Line the brain and spinal cord.
Have a role in CSF production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of schawnn cells?

A

Myelinate axons and provide structural support in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

Surround neuron cell bodies in the ganglia, regulate levels of neurotransmitter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two different ways the nervous system can be classified functionally?

A

Sensory v motor
Somatic (conscious control) v autonomic (unconscious control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What terms are used to describe the relative position of axon tracts in the CNS?

A

Ipsilateral - located on the same side of the midline
Contralteral - tract crosses the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What axis is used in the brain?

A

Rostral v Caudal
Dorsal to Ventral - * note position changes as the brain is folded in on itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A cluster of neuron bodies outside the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

A cluster of neuron bodies inside the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a sulcus and a fissure in the brain?

A

Sulcus is a groove or inwards dip in the brain.
A fissure is a large sulcus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a gyrus in the brain?

A

The upwards folding on brain.
‘the hill between two sulcus (the dips)’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are fasiculations in the brain?

A

A cluster of axons from different cell bodies often travelling to and from the same general direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a funiculus?

A

A general area of white matter in the brain, made of a large group of axons containing many fasiculations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What makes up grey matter?

A

Neurons
- where the mucky work is done (hence grey)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What makes up white matter?

A

Axons
-lines of communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What three sections can the brain be divided into?

A

The cerebrum
The cerebellum
The brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

The midbrain
The pons
The medulla

28
Q

Why is the spinal cord enlarged in the cervical and lumbar regions?

A

Contains more cell bodies and axons.
Innervates the limbs hence has a larger neuron demand.

29
Q

Give an overview of the function and structure of the meninges.

A

Layers covering the brain and spinal cord, from deep to superficial is the pia, the subarachnoid space filled with CSF, the arachnoid and the dura.
Support and protect the brain physically and metabollically.
Pia matter contains vasculature.

30
Q

Give an overview of the dura mater

A

The most superficial of the meninges
Is a tough leathery structure that sits immediately deep to the skull.
It contains the meningeal arteries, supply the dura and inner periosteum of the skull.

31
Q

What are dural reflextions?

A

When the meningeal layer of the dura folds away from the periosteal layer of the brain to fold divisions in the brain.
Falx cerebri - seperates the left and right brain
Tentorium cerebelli - seperates the cerebrum and the cerebelleum
Fax cerebelli - partial partition between the left and right cerebellum.
Diaphragma sella - upper lining on the pituitary gland.
The tentorial notch is the inner edge where the tentorium cerebelli stops creating a spaxe before the diaphragma sella starts, creates a passage for the midbrain.

32
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

A heavily vascularised plexus on the inner lining of the brain ventricles that secretes CSF.
Actively transports substances and immune cells from the blood to the CSF

33
Q

How does CSF travel from the choroid plexus outwards?

A

Flows from the choroid plexus into the subarachnoid space and is absorbed into venous sinuses.

34
Q

What are the brain ventricles?

A

Four spaces within the brain.
The lateral ventricles
The third ventricle
The fourth ventricle.
Four connected and communicating spaces within the brain parenchyma

35
Q

What is the dentate ligament?

A

Found in the spinal cord, is an extension of the pia mater on both lateral sides, connects to the arachnoid mater and the dura mater.

36
Q

What is the lumbar cistern and cauda aquina?

A

The spinal cord finishes at L1/L2
This leaves a lumbar cistern or space containing spinal nerves, these spinal nerves are called the cauda equina.

37
Q

Why is the cauda equina important clincally?

A

Safe lumbar punctures to sample CSF or deliver antibiotics/aneasthetic (epidural)
Without the risk of injuring the spinal cord.

38
Q

What are the majority of spinal nerves classified as?

A

Mixed nerves meaning they carry sensory and motor axons.

39
Q

Give an overview of the histology of a nerve.

A

Endoneural fluid and connective tissue (most collagen) form endoneural bundles contained within endoneurium.
These make up nerve fasciles that are surrounded by perineurium. Nerve fascicles combine to make a nerve surrounded by a perineurium.

40
Q

What should be noted about individual nerves in transverse crossection?

A

Nucleus is of the surrounding schwann cells majority of the time
Outer darker ring is the schwann cells, a thicker ring shows a more myelinated structure meaning faster neuron communication.

41
Q

What is important to note about schwann cells and myelination?

A

Schwann cells can be myelinating and non-myelinating.
Can tell by looking at cross section.
1:1 ratio often indicates myelination
Multiple nerves indicates Schwann cells has a more protective that myelination role.

42
Q

How are spinal nerves numbered?

A

Majority of spinal nerves are numbered by their superior vertebrae.
This is not true of cervical nerves.
C1 arises above the C1 vertebrae then numbered sequentially to C8 above T1 (note only seven cervical vertebrae).

43
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin innervated by a single nerve root.

44
Q

What is shingles (varicella zosta virus)?

A

The same virus causes chicken pox.
Effects dermatomes
After chicken pox virus becomes dormant in the spinal ganglia, when immunity weekens the virus becomes reactive.
Multiples and spreads along the pat of the effected nerve (any spinal nerve)
Results in pain and a rash along the dermatome

45
Q

What is a mytotome?

A

A group of muscle innervated by a single nerve root

46
Q

How many cranial nerves are there and how are they classified?

A

There are 12 cranial nerves
Classified as sensory, motor and mixed.

47
Q

What are the different sensory cranial nerves?

A

Olfactory (1) - smell
Optic (2) - vision
Vestibulocochlear (8) - hearing

48
Q

What are the different motor cranial nerves?

A

Oculomotor (3) - adjust eye position
Trochlear (4) - eye movement
Abducens (6) - lateral eye movement
Accessory (11) - sternocladomastoid and scalenes muscle
Hypoglossal (12) - tongue

49
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system, allows autonomous control of gut peristalsis. Mainly by the myenteric plexus.
Has complete sensorimotor circuits that function independently of the CNs but are regulated by parasympathetic and sympathetic control.

50
Q

What could be considered the control centre of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The hypothalamus - compares inputs to biological set points to regulate sympathetic and parasympathetic tone.
Sends signals exclusively to the brainstem and spinal cord.

51
Q

What is the neural crest?

A

Found in the embryo.
Progenitor cells that come from the roof of the developing brain to give rise to the PNS and other structures

52
Q

What are the blue rural reflections called?

A

Tentorium cerebelli
Tentorium notch

53
Q

What are the green rural reflections called?

A

Flax cerebelli

54
Q

What are the yellow rural reflections called?

A

Diaphragma sella

55
Q

What are the pink dural reflections called?

A

Falx cerebri

56
Q

What is the first cranial nerve called?

A

The olfactory nerve

57
Q

What is the second cranial nerve called?

A

Optic nerve

58
Q

What is the third cranial nerve called?

A

Oculomotor

59
Q

What is the fourth cranial nerve called?

A

Trochlear nerve

60
Q

What is the fifth cranial nerve called?

A

Trigeminal

61
Q

What is the sixth cranial nerve called?

A

Abducens

62
Q

What is the seventh cranial nerve called?

A

Facial

63
Q

What is the eights cranial nerve?

A

Vestibularcochlear

64
Q

What is the ninth cranial nerve called?

A

Glassopharagneal nerve

65
Q

What is the tenth cranial nerve called?

A

The vagus nerve

66
Q

What is the eleventh cranial nerve called?

A

Accessory nerve

67
Q

What is the twelfth cranial nerve called?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

Unit 6 Neurology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions