Neurological System Flashcards
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate from the lateral horns of grey matter from _____
T1-L2/3
Cocaine is a stimulant of the _______ nervous system
sympathetic
_________ is the most common cause of optic neuritis
Multiple sclerosis
Presentation of optic neuritis
It presents with unilateral vision loss and pain that may gradually improve.
Risk factors for MS
white ethnicity and living in northern latitudes.
Causes of optic neuritis
multiple sclerosis: the commonest associated disease
diabetes
syphilis
Features of optic neuritis
unilateral decrease in visual acuity over hours or days
poor discrimination of colours, ‘red desaturation’
pain worse on eye movement
relative afferent pupillary defect
central scotoma
Ix for optic neuritis
MRI of the brain and orbits with gadolinium contrast is diagnostic in most cases
Management of optic neuritis
high-dose steroids
recovery usually takes 4-6 weeks
Prognosis of optic neuritis
MRI: if > 3 white-matter lesions, 5-year risk of developing multiple sclerosis is c. 50%
The parasympathetic nervous system arises from cranial nerves _______ and the sacral spinal nerves ___
3,7,9 and 10 ; (S2,3,4)
In CN5 injury, the jaw deviates _____ the side of the lesion
towards
The __________ carries coarse (crude) touch
anterior spinothalamic tract
Fine touch, proprioception and vibration are carried by the _________
dorsal columns.
The _____________ is responsible for pain and temperature sensation.
lateral spinothalamic tract
Sudden onset vertigo and vomiting, ipsilateral facial paralysis and deafness -___________________
anterior inferior cerebellar artery thrombus
Middle cerebral artery : lesions in this area cause________________
contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss, contralateral homonymous hemianopia and aphasia.
Posterior cerebral artery :, lesions in this area cause ___________________________
contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing and visual agnosia.
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery : lesions in this area cause _________________________
ipsilateral facial pain and temperature loss; contralateral limb/torso pain and temperature loss; ataxia; nystagmus
Retinal artery : lesions in this area cause _____________________________
amaurosis fugax, which is a temporary loss of vision in one or both of the eyes.
Huntington’s disease is due to a defect in the huntingtin gene on chromosome ___
4
Huntington’s disease is an inherited neurodegenerative condition. It is a _______________ condition that typically results in death 20 years after the initial symptoms develop.
progressive and incurable
Inheritance of huntington’s disease
autosomal dominant
What is the DNA disorder in HD?
trinucleotide repeat disorder: repeat expansion of CAG
as Huntington’s disease is a trinucleotide repeat disorder, the phenomenon of anticipation may be seen, where the disease is presents at an earlier age in successive generations
results in degeneration of cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in the striatum of the basal ganglia
due to defect in huntingtin gene on chromosome 4
