Neurological, Psychophysiological, and Endocrine Disorders Flashcards
A _____________________ injury usually causes an alteration of consciousness and some degree of anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
Closed-head injury.
A ___________________ does not usually cause LOC and produces more localized damage and more highly specific symptoms.
Closed-head injury.
The severity of TBI is determined by considering several factors, including:
- A person’s initial score on the _________________________ (GCS)
- Duration of ______________________ (PTA)
- Duration of ______________________ (LOC)
- Glasgow Coma Scale
- Posttraumatic Amnesia
- Loss of Consciousness
Classification of TBI Severity - ___________________:
- Initial GCS: 13-15
- PTA: Less than 1 hour
- LOC: Less than 30 min.
Mild.
Classification of TBI Severity - ___________________:
- Initial GCS: 9-12
- PTA: 1-24 hours
- LOC: 30 min. to 24 hours
Moderate.
Classification of TBI Severity - ___________________:
- Initial GCS: 8 or less
- PTA: More than 24 hours
- LOC: More than 24 hours
Severe.
_______________________ following a TBI is often defined in terms of six levels: Conscious, confused, delirious, obtunded, stuporous, and comatose.
Alteration of consciousness.
With disorientation following TBI, in what order does recovery occur?
- Place
- Person
- Time
- Person
- Place
- Time
With retrograde amnesia, recent memories are affected more than remote, and recovery usually involves the return of _______________ memories first.
Remote.
Research on recovery from TBI has linked it to a number of factors (e.g., age, gender, SES), including the presence of ________________ on the ______________________ gene. The greatest recovery typically occurs during the first ___ months, with considerable additional recovery through the first year.
- Allele e4
- Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)
- 3
___________________________ refers to a pattern of somatic and psychological symptoms that occur in up to 50% or more of individuals who have experienced a mild brain injury. Common initial symptoms of PCS are headache, dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, and drowsiness. Subsequent symptoms include insomnia and fatigue, tinnitus, cognitive impairment, and irritability, depression, or anxiety. The majority recover within one to three months.
Postconcussional Syndrome.
There are three major causes of a CVA (stroke): __________________ (blockage of an artery by a blood clot), ______________ (sudden blockage of an artery by material from another part of the bloodstream), and hemorrhage.
- Thrombosis
- Embolism
The major risk factors for stroke are _______________________ and _________________________ (thickening of the lining of the arterial walls); other factors that increase that risk include atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, and increasing age.
- Hypertension
- Atherosclerosis
Different symptoms are associated with stroke involving the middle, anterior, or posterior _________________, but common symptoms include contralateral hemiplegia, contralateral hemianesthesia involving face, arm, and leg, and contralateral visual field loss (homonymous hemianopia).
Cerebral artery.
_________________ hemisphere damage may produce aphasia and ideomotor apraxia; ___________________ hemisphere damage may cause contralateral neglect and dressing apraxia.
- Dominant (L) hemisphere
- Non-dominant (R) hemisphere
Stroke Symptoms - _________________ Cerebral Artery:
Contralateral hemiplegia and hemianesthesia, contralateral homonymous hemianopia, dysarthia, aphasia (dominant hemisphere affected), apraxia and sensory neglect (non-dominant hemisphere affected).
Middle.
Stroke Symptoms - _________________ Cerebral Artery:
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia, memory loss, unilateral cortical blindness, visual agnosia.
Posterior.
Stroke Symptoms - _________________ Cerebral Artery:
Contralateral hemiplegia, gait apraxia, apathy, depression, confusion, impaired judgment and insight, bowel and bladder incontinence, mutism.
Anterior.
______________________, an autosomal dominant gene-linked degenerative disease, has been linked to a loss of GABA-secreting neurons and glutamate excitotoxicity in the basal ganglia, especailly in thecaudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus.
Huntington’s Disease.
____________________ is due to a progressive degeneration of dopamine-containing cells in the substantia nigra, which affects other areas of the brain that connect with these cells, including certain areas in the thalamus and frontal lobes.
Parkinson’s Disease.
