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Physiological Psychology and Psychopharmacology > Brain Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Brain Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

The brain stem contains the ______________ and the ____________.

A
  • Medulla
  • Pons
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2
Q

(Hindbrain) The __________ influences the inflow of information between the spinal cord and the brain. It coordinates swallowing, coughing, and sneezing, and regulates a number of vital functions including breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. Damage to this structure is often fatal.

A

Medulla.

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3
Q

(Hindbrain) The ___________ connects the two halves of the cerebellum and plays a role in the integration of movements in the right and left sides of the body.

A

Pons.

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4
Q

(Hindbrain) The ________________ is important for balance and posture, and, in conjunction with the basal ganglia and motor cortex, is vital to the performance of coordinated and refined motor movements. It plays a critical role in the timing and coordination of those acts and the correction of errors while performing those acts. It has also been implicated in sensorimotor learning and some aspects of cognitive functioning (e.g., the ability shift attention from one stimulus to another). Abnormalities have been linked to autism, schizophrenia, and ADHD.

A

Cerebellum.

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5
Q

Damage to the cerebellum can produce _____________, a condition involving slurred speech, severe tremors, and a loss of balance. The similarity of these symptoms to behaviors produced by alcohol intoxication is due to the fact that alcohol exerts a strong effect on the cerebellum.

A

Ataxia.

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6
Q

(Midbrain) The __________________ serves as a route for visual information.

A

Superior colliculus.

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7
Q

(Midbrain) The __________________ serves as a route for auditory information.

A

Inferior colliculus.

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8
Q

(Midbrain) The __________________ is involved in motor activity and plays a role in the brain’s reward system.

A

Substantia Nigra.

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9
Q

(Midbrain) The __________________ extends from the spinal cord through the hindbrain and midbrain into the hypothalamus in the forebrain. It consists of over 90 nuclei (homogenously grouped neurons) that are involved in various functions including respiration, coughing, vomiting, posture, locomotion, and REM sleep.

A

Reticular formation.

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10
Q

(Midbrain) The ______________________ is part of the reticular formation and is vital to consciousness, arousal, and wakefulness. It screens sensory input, especially during sleep, and arouses higher centers in the brain when important information must be processed.

A

Reticular activating system (RAS).

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11
Q

(Midbrain) Damage to the _________________ disrupts the sleep-wak cycle and can prduce a permanent coma-like state of sleep.

A

Reticular formation.

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12
Q

The subcortical structures of the forebrain include the: (4)

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Basal ganglia
  • Limbic system
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13
Q

(Forebrain - subcortical) ____________________ is involved in motor activity, language, and memory, and it acts as a “relay station” and transmits incoming sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cortex for all of the senses except olfaction.

A

Thalamus.

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14
Q

__________________________ is due to a thiamine deficiency that causes atrophy of neurons in certain areas of the thalamus and is usually the result of chronic alcoholism. This disorder begins with ______________________, which is characterized by mental confusion, abnormal eye movements, and ataxia. It is then followed by _________________, which involves severe anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and confabulation.

A
  • Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
  • Wernicke’s encephalopathy
  • Korsakoff’s syndrome
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15
Q

(Forebrain - subcortical) The __________________ is involved in a variety of vital functions including hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temperature, movement, and emotional reactions. With regard to emotions, the results of damage to this structure depend on its location but may involve uncontrollable laughter or intense rage and aggression. This structure also monitors the body’s internal states and initiates the responses needed to maintain homeostasis through its influence on the ANS and the pituitary and other endocrine glands.

A

Hypothalamus.

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16
Q

(Forebrain - subcortical) The _____________________ is located in the hypothalamus and mediates the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms, and ther is evidence that this structure is involved in seasonal affective disorder.

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN).

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17
Q

(Forebrain - subcortical) The hypothalamus also contains the __________________, which are involved in learning and memory.

A

Mammillary bodies.

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18
Q

(Forebrain - subcortical) The ___________________ consists of three forebrain structures - the caudate nucleus, putamen, clobus pallidus - and the substantia nigra, which is located in the midbrain. They are involved in planning, organizing, and coordinating voluntary movement and regulating the amplitude and direction of motor actions. They also play a role in sensorimotor learning and in stereotyped, species-specific motoric expressions of emotional states such as smiling, frowning, and running when afraid.

A

Basal Ganglia.

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19
Q

Several disorders involving prominent ______________ are associated with basal ganglia pathology, including Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s Disorder, OCD and ADHD.

A

Motor symptoms.

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20
Q

Problems related to the behavioral inhibition that characterize ____________ have been linked to a smaller-than-normal caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and prefrontal cortex.

A

ADHD.

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21
Q

Areas of the basal ganglia have also been implicated in:

  • Mania
  • _________________
  • Obsessive-compulsive symptoms
  • _________________
A
  • Depression
  • Psychosis
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22
Q

(Forebrain - subcortical) The __________________ is involved in memory and other cognitive functions but is primarily associated with the mediation of emotion. It consists of several structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate cortex.

A

Limbic System.

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23
Q

(Forebrain - subcortical) The _________________ integrates, coordinates, and directs motivational and emotional activities, attaches emotions to memories, and is involved in the recall of emotionally-charged experiences.

A

Amygdala.

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24
Q

The impact of the amygdala on emotional responses and other behaviors was demonstrated by Kluver and Bucy (1938) who found that bilateral lesions in the amygdala and temporal lobes of primates substantially _____________ fear and aggression, and ____________ docility and compulsive oral exploratory behaviors, alter dietary havits, and produce hypersexuality and “_______________” (the inability to recognize the significance or meaning of events). This pattern of behavior is referred to as ____________________.

A
  • Decrease
  • Increase
  • Psychic blindness
  • Kluver-Bucy syndrome
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25
Q

(Forebrain - subcortical) The _________________ is less directly implicated in emotions than other limbic system structures and is associated more with learning and memory. Specifically, it is involved in processing spatial, visual, and verbal information and consolidating declarative memories, which means that it is involved in converting short-term declarative memories to long-term memories.

A

Hippocampus.

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26
Q

Bilateral removal of the ___________________ (which include the ________________) as a treatment for severe epilepsy causes anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia for events occurring up to three years prior to the surgery.

A
  • Medial temporal lobes
  • Hippocampus
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27
Q

There is also evidence that the hippocampus and other medial temporal lobe structures are essential for the formation of ______________.

A

Visual images.

28
Q

(Forebrain - subcortical) The _________________ surrounds the corpus callosum and is involved in attention, emotion, and the perception and subjective experience of pain. With regard to the latter, the ______________________ is involved in the transmission of pain signals and plays an important role in the emotional response to painful stimuli.

A
  • Cingulate cortex
  • Anterior cingulate cortex
29
Q

In humans, the cerebral cortex makes up more than ___% of the brain’s total weight and is responsible for the regulation of a broad range of cognitive, emotional, and motor functions.

A

80%.

30
Q

The right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are connected by several bundles of fibers, the largest of which is the _________________. This allows information sent directly to one hemisphere to be available to the other hemisphere and, if it is severed, the two hemispheres operate as separate, independent brains.

A

Corpus callosum.

31
Q

The exception for sensory contralateral representation in the cerebral cortex is _________________; additionally, _________________ information goes to both sides of the brain, albeit contralaterally.

A
  • Olfaction
  • Visual
32
Q

For 95-99% of ___________________ people and 50-60% of _______________ people, written and spoken language and logical, analytical thinking are left (dominant) hemisphere functions, while the understanding of spatial relationships, creativity, and facial recognition are right (non-dominant) hemisphere functions. For _________________ people remaining, language is controlled by the right hemisphere or is controlled bilaterally.

A
  • Right-handed
  • Left-handed
  • Left-handed
33
Q

Brain lateralization is also referred to as ____________________, and is apparent, to some degree, at ____________.

A
  • Hemispheric specialization
  • Birth
34
Q

Vision - Right or Left?

  1. Letters, words
  2. Complex geometric patterns, facial recognition
A
  1. Left
  2. Right
35
Q

Audition - Left or Right?

  1. Language-related sounds
  2. Music and other non-language sounds
A
  1. Left
  2. Right
36
Q

Verbal Memory - Left or Right?

  1. Nonverbal memory
  2. Verbal memory
A
  1. Right
  2. Left
37
Q

Language - Left or Right?

  1. Speech, reading, writing, arithmetic
  2. Emotional content of language
A
  1. Left
  2. Right
38
Q

Spatial Processing - Left or Right?

  1. Geometry, sense of direction
  2. NOTHING!
A
  1. Right
  2. Left
39
Q

Emotion - Left or Right?

  1. Negative emotions
  2. Positive emotions
A
  1. Right
  2. Left
40
Q

Reasoning - Left or Right?

  1. Holistic, intuitive
  2. Logical, analytical
A
  1. Right
  2. Left
41
Q

Information about brain lateralization was initially obtained from studies of “_______________” patients whose corpus callosums had been severed as a treatment for _______________.

A
  • “Split-brain”
  • Severe epilepsy
42
Q

The dichotic listening task, which presents the individual with two sequences of digits (one in each ear), has been used to study ________________. Research using this technique has found that people typically recall more digits heard by the ear that is ___________________ to the dominant hemisphere (usually the ______ ear).

A
  • Lateralization
  • Contralateral
  • Right
43
Q

In one study, Shaywitz et al. (1995) found that, on language-related tasks, only the left hemisphere was active for __________ participants, while both hemispheres were active for ___________ participants.

A
  • Male
  • Female
44
Q

The ___________________ occupies the major portion of the cortex and includes the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, Broca’s area, and prefrontal cortex.

A

Frontal Lobe.

45
Q

The ________________________ is located on the precentral gyrus and is involved in the execution of movement. Damage to this area can result in a loss of reflexes and flaccid hemiplegia (loss of ____________) in the areas of the body contralateral to the damage.

A
  • Primary Motor Cortex
  • Muscle tone
46
Q

The _______________________ (SMA) is involved in the planning and control of movement. it plays an important role in the learning of new motor sequences and, in conjunction with other structures/cortices, mediates motor imagery, which is the mental representation of movement.

A

Supplementary Motor Area.

47
Q

The ____________________ is located just anterior to the primary motor cortex and is important for the control of movement in response to external (sensory) stimuli.

A

Premotor cortex.

48
Q

___________________ is the major motor speech area and is located in the inferior frontal region (usually on the left side). Damage to this area produces ___________ expressive aphasia, which is characterized by difficulties in producing spoken and written language.

A
  • Broca’s Area
  • Broca’s
49
Q

The ___________________ is involved in a variety of complex behaviors including emotion, memory attention, self-awareness, and higher-order cognitive (executive) functions.

A

Prefrontal cortex.

50
Q

___________________ in the prefrontal cortex has been linked to Schizophrenia, ADHD, and dementia.

A

Reduced metabolism (hypofrontality).

51
Q

Damage to the ___________________ of the prefrontal cortex results in dorsal convexity dysexecutive syndrome, which is characterized by impaired judgment, insight, planning, and organization. Individuals with this syndrome tend to be concrete and perseverative, have trouble learning from experience, neglect their hygiene, have reduced sexual interest, and may be apathetic.

A

Dorsolateral area.

52
Q

Damage to the ______________________ of the prefrontal cortex produces orbitofrontal disinhibition syndrome, which is also known as pseudopsychopathy. This disorder involves emotional lability, distractibility, poor impulse control, and impaired social insight. People with this disorder may exhibit explosive aggressive outbursts or inappropriate jocularity, engage in unusual or inappropriate sexual behavior, and make lewd comments.

A

Orbitofrontal Area.

53
Q

Damage to the ___________________ of the prefrontal cortex produces mesial frontal apathetic syndrome, which is also referred to as pseudodepression. The primary characteristics of this syndrome are impaired spontaneity, reduced emotional reactions, diminished motor behavior and verbal output, and lower-extremity weakness and sensory loss. People with this syndrome often describe themselves as bored or lacking in motivation and may seem depressed but do not have the vegetative symptoms, negative cognitions, and dysphoria that are characteristic of major depression.

A

Mediofrontal Area.

54
Q

The ______________________ contains the somatosensory cortex, which is located on the postcentral gyrus and governs pressure, temperature, pain, proprioception, and gustation.

A

Parietal lobe.

55
Q

____________________ of the somatosensory cortex elicits reports of warmth, tingling, or other sensations in different parts of the body.

A

Electrical stimulation.

56
Q

Common symptoms of parietal lobe damage include disturbances in spatial orientation, ______________ (inability to perform skilled motor movements in the absence of impaired motor functioning), and somatosensory ____________.

A
  • Apraxia
  • Agnosia
57
Q

The following are types of agnosia:

  • ________________: Inability to recognize familiar objects by touch.
  • ________________: Failure to recognize parts of one’s own body.
  • ________________: Inability to recognize one’s own neurological symptoms or other disorder.
A
  • Tactile Agnosia
  • Asomatognosia
  • Anosognosia
58
Q

Lesions in the right (non-dominant) parietal lobe can cause _________________ (loss of knowledge about or interest in the left side of the body), while lesions to the left (dominant) parietal lobe can produce _________________ (inability to carry out a sequence of actions), ideomotor apraxia (inability to carry out a simple action in response to a command), or _________________, which involves a combination of finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia.

A
  • Contralateral neglect
  • Ideomotor apraxia
  • Gerstmann’s syndrome
59
Q

The ___________________ contains the auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area (usually in the left hemisphere).

A

Temporal lobe.

60
Q

Lesions to the _______________ may cause auditory agnosia, auditory hallucinations, and other disturbances in auditory sensation and perception.

A

Auditory cortex.

61
Q

_________________ is important for the comprehension of language, and lesions produce ________________ (receptive) aphasia, which is characterized by severe deficits in language comprehension and abnormalities in language production.

A
  • Wernicke’s area
  • Wernicke’s
62
Q

Certain areas in the _______________ mediate encoding, retrieval, and storage of long-term declarative memories.

A

Temporal lobe.

63
Q

The _____________________ contains the visual cortex, which is responsible for visual perception, recognition, and memory.

A

Occipital lobe.

64
Q

While the ________________ portion of the visual cortex is primarily involved in high-resolution macular vision (i.e., visual signals received by an area in the central retina), the _______________ portion is concerned more with peripheral vision.

A
  • Posterior
  • Anterior
65
Q

Damage to the occipital lobes may produce apperceptive or associative ___________________, visual hallucinations, or cortical blindness.

A

Visual agnosia.

66
Q

___________________ visual agnosia occurs when a person is unable to perceive objects despite intact visual acuity, while ________________ visual agnosia occurs when a person is unable to recognize an object that he/she is focusing on as the result of impaired memory or inability to access relevant semantic knowledge.

A
  • Apperceptive
  • Associative
67
Q

Left occipital lobe damage can cause __________________ (inability to see more than one thing or one aspect of an object at a time), while lesions at the junction of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lboes may produce __________________ (an inability to recognize familiar faces).

A
  • Simultanagnosia
  • Prosopagnosia

Physiological Psychology and Psychopharmacology (8 decks)

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