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Critical Care Nursing Exam 3 > neurological infections > Flashcards

neurological infections Flashcards

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1
Q

what is meningitis?

A

inflammation of the membranes and the fluid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what type of infections cause meningitis?

A

bacterial and viral

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3
Q

what is septic meningitis?

A

meningitis caused by bacteria

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4
Q

what type of bacteria causes bacterial meningitis?

A
  • streptococcus pneumoniae

- neisseria meningitidis

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5
Q

what type of illness causes aseptic meningitis?

A

viral infection, lymphoma, leukemia, brain abscess

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6
Q

what can also cause meningitis?

A

tuberculosis

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7
Q

how is streptococcus pneumoniae spread?

A

coughing or sneezing while in close contact with others who breathe in the bacteria (airborne)

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8
Q

how is neisseria meningitides spread?

A

by sharing respiratory or throat secretions (droplet)

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9
Q

how is HIB spread?

A

airborne

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10
Q

how common is HIB meningitis?

A

not common at all, the vaccines have wiped it out of the US

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11
Q

what is the clinical presentation of meningitis?

A
  • fever
  • neck stiffness
  • positive Kernig and Brudzinski sign
  • photophobia
  • rash
  • seizures
  • HA
  • irritability
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12
Q

what does the rash look like in meningitis?

A

DIC, petechial, purpuric

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13
Q

what is a kernigs sign?

A

lifting the leg, if they have pain it is positive

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14
Q

what is brudzinskis sign?

A

lifting the neck and if they have pain it is positive

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15
Q

how to diagnose meningitis?

A 
LP for culture
CBC with diff
CSF
blood and urine cultures
rapid antigen testing
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16
Q

complications of meningitis?

A
  • brainstem herniation
  • DIC
  • Septic shock
  • Hearing deficits
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17
Q

what antibiotics are given for meningitis?

A

ciprofloxacin

ceftriaxone

18
Q

how are antibx given to patients?

A

as soon as possible before LP culture

prompt and uninterrupted

19
Q

what do you give prior to antibiotics in bacterial meningitis?

A

dexamethasone to inhibit the cytokine cascade

20
Q

why is it so important to give antibiotics and steroids as soon as possible?

A

early admin prevents longterm effects

21
Q

what do we give to the family if someone is infected in their family?

A

prophylactic antibiotics

22
Q

what is Reyes syndrome?

A

encephalopathy with hepatic, metabolic, and neurologic failure

23
Q

what is Reyes syndrome preceded by?

A

a viral infection

24
Q

what causes Reyes syndrome?

A

overuse of aspirin

25
Q

what can Reyes syndrome cause?

A

liver failure
neuromuscular detioration
metabolic increased requirements

26
Q

how is the blood sugar effected by Reyes syndrome?

A

it declines

27
Q

what happens in relation to ammonia with Reyes syndrome?

A

increased ammonia

28
Q

what will a patient with high ammonia look like?

A

jaundice, confused, change in LOC

29
Q

what neurological effects does Reyes syndrome have?

A

increased cerebral edema
decreased LOC
seizures

30
Q

how to dx reyes syndrome?

A

liver biopsy
scans
ammonia level
AST/ALT/SGPT

31
Q

how to treat Reyes syndrome?

A

glucose
anticonvulsants
monitor coagulation status

32
Q

what is Guillain barre syndrome?

A

ascending paralysis starting at the feet and works its way up

33
Q

what is Guillain barre preceded by?

A

respiratory or GI infection

34
Q

how long does Guillian barre last?

A

plateaus for 2-3 weeks and recovery takes 6-12 months

35
Q

treatment for guillian barre?

A

supportive

36
Q

what is the biggest concern with guiilian barre?

A

weakened respiratory drive may require intubation

37
Q

diagnosis of guillian barre?

A

EMG

nerve conduction study

38
Q

what is the tx for guillian barre?

A

plasmapheresis

IVIG

39
Q

what is the goal of plasmapheresis for guillian barre?

A

antibodies slow destruction of myelin sheath

40
Q

what is plasmapheresis?

A

removes patients own blood and removes the plasma from it containing the antibodies, returns the cells

41
Q

what is IVIG?

A

given like blood products

it is antibodies to help with increasing immune system and helps to build up the myelin sheath

Critical Care Nursing Exam 3 (5 decks)

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