Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Neurological Function and Dysfunction > Flashcards

Neurological Function and Dysfunction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four divisions of the brain?

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which of the following is incorrect?

A: Meningitis is more common than encephalitis

B: Ischemic events are a more common cause of stroke than hemorrhagic events

C: A lumbar puncture in an individual with raised ICP could be problematic

D: A lesion in the left motor cortex would result in left sided paralysis

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A cerebellar stroke might result in which of the following?

A. Left sided lower leg paralysis

B. Difficulty speaking and slurred speech

C. Vertigo and postural imbalance

D. Facial drooping

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the following is correct?

A. Hemorrhagic strokes are more common than ischemic strokes

B. An embolic stroke is exactly the same thing as a thrombotic stroke

C. The most common cause of a hemorrhagic stroke is an arterio-venous malformation

D. The middle cerebral artery is one of the more commonly involved cerebral arteries in ischemic strokes

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which of the following is correct regarding intra-cranial bleeds?

A. Subdural bleeding is usually arterial

B. Epidural bleeding is usually venous

C. Epidural bleeds are usually post-traumatic, where as subdural bleeds may occur spontaneously in some situations

D. Epidural bleeding rarely affects intra-cranial pressure…Although it may result in brain herniation

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Unilateral paralysis involving which cranial nerve might mimic a stroke?

A. CN X

B. CN XIII

C. CN VII

D. CN XII

A

C (facial nerve that results in facial droop)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is in the cell and what is out of the cell?

A

potassium IN, sodium OUT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

dura mater

A

outermost meningeal later that is a thick, tough, and collagenous membrane

venous sinuses collect blood from the cerebral veins between the two layers of the dura at the base of the septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

arachnoid mater

A

thin, delicate membrane that is weblike that has CSF flowing within it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pia mater

A

attached to the brain and is very thin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

carotid arteries

A

supply the anterior portion of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

vertebral arteries

A

posterior portion of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

trabecular

A

strands of collagenous connective tissue that extend down to the pia mater that forms the subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

circle of willis

A

where the four arteries intersect and distributes the blood to the rest of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the beings that return the deoxygenated blood?

A

internal jugular and subclavian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

dorsal column tract

A

fine touch and pressure sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

anterolateral tract

A

pain response sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

corticospinal tract

A

voluntary motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the most common type of stroke?

A

ischemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

thrombus (ischemic stroke)

A

blood clot formed in place that blocks blood flow that is often a result of hypercoagulation or stiffened/narrow blood vessels

clot travels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

atherosclerosis (ischemic stroke)

A

build-up of fats/cholesterol on the artery walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ischemic (embolus stroke)

A

obstruction of an artery by blood or air

associated with cardiac dysrhythmias and carotid arteries

clot doesnt travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the two hemorrhagic stroke types?

A

subarachnoid and parenchymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

AVM (hemorrhagic stroke)

A

congenital vascular lesions that cause swelling

initial manifestation is hemorrhage in half the cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

aneurysm (hemorrhagic stroke)

A

not totally understood but is a weakness in the vessel that causes an out-pouching

high mortality rate

worst headache ever (meningeal irritation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

anterior cerebral (frontal) stroke signs

A

Motor and sensory loss on the opposite side with speech abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

middle cerebellar stroke signs

A

Motor and sensory loss on the opposite side with speech abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

posterior cerebral (occipital) stroke pattern

A

visual disturbance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

vertebro-basillar (cerebellum/brainstem) stoke signs

A

disturbance of gait and visuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

umbra

A

core of the stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

penumbra

A

the more reversible perimeter of the stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

typical stroke manifestations

A

dysphagia
aphasia
middle cerebral artery or smaller branch involvement

BE FAST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

epidural hematoma

A

blood sits above the dura

blunt force trauma to the temple
lucent interval
middl meningeal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Lucent interval

A

the section of time after the initial trauma of an epidural hematoma when the person is normal and conscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

subdural hematoma

A

sits IN the dura in the subarachnoid space

shearing forces
bridging veins
slow onset of symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

brain herniation

A

the protrusion of brain tissue through an opening in the supporting dura in the brain

Cushing triad:
bradycardia
irregular respirations
widened pulse pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

glasgow coma scale

A

3-15 score

Eyes
Open
Open in response to speech
To pain
Never

Verbal
Oriented x 3
Confused speech
Inappropriate
Incomprehensible sounds
None

Motor
Obeys commands
Localized withdrawal from pain
Withdrawal from pain
Decorticate
Decerebrate
None (flaccidity)

38
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the menninges that is most commonly caused by a bacteria

headache, fever, stiff neck, altered mental status

39
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain parenchyma that is most commonly caused by a virus (strep pneumonia, n meningitides, h influenza b)

typically evolve over several days and commonly include fever, headache, seizure, confusion, stupor, and coma

altered mental status is possible

40
Q

seizure disorder causes

A

Electrolyte disturbances (most common)
Structural lesions (tumors)
Infection
Hypoxia
Acidosis
Acute Alcohol Withdrawal
Idiopathic

41
Q

generalized seizure

A

involves the whole brain

motor/grandmal/ tonic-clonic

nonmoter/petit/absence syndromes (mostly kids)

42
Q

focal seizures

A

involves part of the brain

simple is no impairment of consciousness but odd sensations, hearing troubles, etc

complex is imparted awareness

43
Q

epileptic seizure

A

problem is primarily in the brain

causes:
Head trauma
Stroke
Infection
Tumor
Congenital

44
Q

non-epileptic seizure causes

A

Fainting (hypoxic seizure)
Physiological
Hypoglycemia
Alcohol withdrawal
Electrolyte imbalance (MOST common)

45
Q

dementia

A

progressive deterioration and decline of memory and other cognitive changes like personality and behavior changes that has a slow onset

46
Q

dementia clinical manifestations

A

The slow progression from memory loss and forgetfulness to the inability to self-care

Cognitive deficits
Anxiety
Depression
Psychosis
Inability to complete activities of daily living

47
Q

Alzheimer’s disease etiology

A

Amyloid plaques

Amyloid precursor protein= involved in normal cell membranes, but if beta-amyloid is produced wrong, the protein is cut in the wrong place which causes aggregates of B-amyloid form to create plaques in the brain

causes neurofibrillary tangles

atrophy of the brain

acetylcholine imbalance

48
Q

vascular dementia

A

results from multiple infarctions of the brain

49
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

basal ganglia are affected but dopamine deficiency is big while acetylcholine is up (major imbalance)

50
Q

acquired Parkinson’s disease

A

rapid onset of symptoms that tense to be due to infection, drug toxicity, or trauma

51
Q

idiopathic Parkinson’s disease

A

insidious onset of symptoms that is likely from a genetic component

A synuclein gene- a major component of Lewy bodies
Parkin gene- protein degradation and clearance

52
Q

what happens before the onset of symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A

75-80% of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra are dead

53
Q

Parkinson’s clinical manifestations

A

Loss of flexibility
Tremor
Cogwheel rigidity
Bradykinesia
Micrographia
Mask faces
Low volume and monotone speech pattern
Autonomic dysfunction

54
Q

tardive kinesia

A

older term for tic-type things that were associated with anti-psychotics

55
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

conditions to the upper motor neurons that control muscle movement and often appear during childhood and are permanent

56
Q

spastic CP

A

Most common
Rigidity/Hyperreflexia/Clonus
Hemiplegia/Paraplegia/Quadriplegia

57
Q

dyskinetic/athenoid CP

A

Second Most Common
Slow, Jerky, uncoordinated purposeful movements

58
Q

ataxic CP

A

Rare
Gait disturbance
Truncal stiffness

59
Q

CP neurological complications

A

Seizures
Intellectual Impairment
Visual Problems
Hearing Problems

60
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of CSF that is often associated with neural tube defects

61
Q

normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

On-set late in life

Classic clinical triad:
Gait instability
Urinary incontinence
Dementia

62
Q

obstructive hydrocephalus

A

usually congenital

63
Q

communicating hydrocephalus

A

Aquired

64
Q

cerebellar disorders

A

clinical hallmark is ataxia and uncoordinated movement

65
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS with a female predominance

most are relapsing-remitting MS cases

66
Q

MS clinical manifestations

A

Highly variable
Optic and oculomotor nerves are commonly effective
Lack of coordination
Diplopia
Paresthesias

67
Q

spina bifida

A

failure of the neural tube to close

folate is important prenatally for prevention

68
Q

spina bifida cystic

A

protrusion of a sac-like structure

69
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

the anomaly is not visible

70
Q

amyotrophic sclerosis

A

degradation of motor neurons of the lateral columns (cortico-spinal tract)

71
Q

ALS clinical manifestations

A

Weakness
Atrophy
Cramps
Twitching
Hyperreflexia in a weak, atrophic extremity
Muscles of swallowing/breathing are affected

72
Q

spinal shock

A

transient loss of function below the level of injury

Flaccid Paralysis
Loss of Reflexes
Loss of Pain Sensation
Loss of Bowel/Bladder Control

73
Q

Guillain-barre syndrome

A

acute demyelination of the PNS that is often associated with infections triggers like C. jejuni

74
Q

how does Guillain-barre syndrome progress?

A

Ascending pattern of paralysis that begins in the legs and progresses toward the head

spontaneous recovery in the reverse direction of the onset

75
Q

Bells palsy

A

paralysis of the facial nerve VII that tends to affect one side

76
Q

focal injury

A

localized at the site of impact on the skull

can be polar or diffuse

77
Q

concussion

A

minor brain injury with no evidence on a scan but an alteration in LOC for less than 30 min

78
Q

contusion

A

when brain tissue damage is seen

79
Q

Polar injuries (coup contrecoup)

A

consequences of the brain shifting within the skull and meninges during acceleration-deceleration movement which results in injury at two opposite poles of the brain

80
Q

Polar injuries (coup contrecoup)

A

consequences of the brain shifting within the skull and meninges during acceleration-deceleration movement which results in injury at two opposite poles of the brain

81
Q

Monro-Kellie doctrine

A

the compensatory responses to a change in volume of any three components (CSF, brain tissue, and blood)

82
Q

hemorrhagic strokes

A

hemorrhage within the brain parenchyma and usually occurs in the context of severe and often long-standing hypertension in approximately 60% of cases

83
Q

ischemic stroke

A

sudden occlusion of a cerebral artery

84
Q

thrombotic strokes

A

associated with atherosclerosis in extra or intracranial vasculature and hypercoagulable states

85
Q

embolic strokes

A

from cardiac source

86
Q

stages of a seizure

A

aura
tonic- stiff body, incontinence
clonic- jerky movements
postictal- exhaustion and weak limbs

87
Q

Which of the following is incorrect?

A: Most seizures are probably idiopathic or hypoxic

B: Most cases of dementia are a result of the abnormal production of a normal protein

C: A patient presenting with a vertigo and ataxia is more likely to be having a cerebellar stroke than an inner ear problem

D: In a woman of childbearing age, a little extra folate isn’t a bad idea

A

C

88
Q

Which of the following statements regarding Multiple Sclerosis is correct?

A. It is exactly the same disease as Guillan-Barre Syndrome, except MS is chronic and GB is not

B. Males tend to get MS more than Females

C. There is no cure for MS

D. MS almost always initially presents with diplopia

A

C

89
Q

Which of the following signs and symptoms would be atypical for Parkinson’s disease?

A. A transient intention tremor in the right arm

B. Muscular rigidity

C. Depression

D. Kyphosis

A

A

90
Q

Which of the following statements regarding ALS is correct?

A. It’s another non-specific demyelinating disease, like MS

B. The disease primarily affects upper and lower motor neurons

C. The disease primarily affects sensory neurons

D. Most cases are related to one specific identified genetic mutation, with autosomal dominant inheritance

A

A

Pathophysiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions