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Pathophysiology > Homeostasis, Stress Response, & Alterations in Cellular Function > Flashcards

Homeostasis, Stress Response, & Alterations in Cellular Function Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is correct regarding the “Normal” Distribution?
A. Most of the time, a normal distribution is “skewed” to either the left or the right

B. 95% of the time, the correct measured value will fall somewhere between + / - 2 standard deviations of the mean

The mean and the median are never the same

The smaller the population you are studying (n value), the more likely the results will be normally distributed

A

B

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2
Q

Which of the Following is the best example of secondary prevention?
A. Measles vaccination

B. Reducing the amount of dietary salt in a hypertensive patient

C. Administering IV fluids in the ER

D. Wearing a cast following a wrist fracture

A

B

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3
Q

The incidence of Disease is basically defined as?
A. The total number of existing cases of disease X in a specific population

B. The percentage of patients in a specific population that have disease X

C. The number of new cases of disease X in a specific population

D. The likelihood an individual with a positive test result has disease X

A

B

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4
Q

Which of the following is incorrect?
A: Oxygen is one of the most destructive substances in the body

B: Exotoxins are more virulent than endotoxins

C: During the coordinated stress response, vasoconstriction and vasodilation are occurring simultaneously

D: It is impossible for any cells to make ATP without a constant supply of oxygen

A

D

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5
Q

Which of the following choices would be consistent with the stress response?
A. Vasodilation in the renal vascular beds

B. Vasoconstriction in the skeletal muscles

C. Bronchoconstriction

D. Pupillary Dilation

A

D

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6
Q

Which one of the following is not a stress hormone?
A. Cortisol

B. Norepinephrine

C. Acetylcholine

D. Epinephrine

A

C

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7
Q

Which of the following would not be consistent with the stress response?
A. Increased Blood Pressure

B. Increased blood flow to the mesentery

C. Increased systemic vascular resistance

D. Sodium retention in the kidneys

A

B

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8
Q

Which of the following is the best example of Coagulative necrosis?
A. Reperfusion injury following a myocardial infarct

B. Pancreatitis

C. Tuberculosis infection

D. An MRSA soft tissue infection

A

A

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9
Q

Which one of the following vitamins is likely to be affected in a person with severe fat malabsorption?
A. B12

B. D

C. C

D. B6

A

B

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10
Q

Which one of the following statements is correct?
A. Vitamin excess is probably a more common problem than vitamin deficiency is

B. Vitamins do not serve as anti-oxidants

C. British sailors were called “limeys” because they sucked on limes in an attempt to replace depleted vitamin D levels

D. A Vitamin K-depleted individual would be prone to bleeding

A

D

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11
Q

Etiology

A

WHY does disease occur?

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12
Q

Pathogenesis

A

HOW does disease occur?

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13
Q

Clinical manifestations

A

WHAT does the disease look like?

signs and symptoms

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14
Q

Treatment implacations

A

HOW does the treatment impact it?

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15
Q

validity

A

accuracy- the degree to which the measured value represents the actual value

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16
Q

reliability

A

precision- the ability of a test to render the same results in repeated measurements

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17
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases

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18
Q

prevalence

A

number of existing cases

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19
Q

sensitivity

A

probability a test will be positive in a person with the disease

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20
Q

specificity

A

probability a test will be negative in a person without the disease

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21
Q

positive predictive value

A

likelihood a person with a positive test has the disease

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22
Q

negative predictive values

A

likelihood a person with a negative test does not have the disease

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23
Q

epidemiological variables

A 
age
gender
lifestyle
socio-economic status
geographic location
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24
Q

primary level of prevention

A

preventing a disease from occurring in the first place

immunizations

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25
secondary level of prevention
preventing complications of the disease screenings like PAP smears and mammograms
26
tertiary level of prevention
treating the disease
27
sympathoadrenal system: adrenal cortex
Cortex => production of glucocorticoids (cortisol- think sugar metabolism) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone- think pulling salt back to get water retention)
28
sympathoadrenal system: adrenal medulla
Medulla => production of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
29
what effect does cortisol have?
Catabolism by breaking down fat and muscles into fatty acids and AAs which can be turned into glucose
30
what effect does aldosterone have?
Na retention
31
coordinated stress response
Stored nutrients are broken down => metabolic fuel to maintain blood sugar Hemodynamic parameters => raise BP and heart rate Blood flow => shunted from skin and gut to the muscles, heart, and lungs Volume expansion => aldosterone retains salt which increases intravascular volume
32
effects of catecholamines
Heart- increased rate and contractability Blood vessels- skin and gut constrict while muscles, heart, and lungs dilate GI tract- decreased activity Liver- mobilizes energy stores by gluconeogenesis (making sugar) and glycogenolysis (breakdown of stored sugar) CNS- arousal, attention, and vigilance
33
disease
excessive or inappropriate physiological stress response (CHRONIC)
34
signs and symptoms
multiple effects on multiple body systems (ACUTE)
35
atrophy
cells shrink with loss of function
36
hypertrophy
too much growth with an increase in cell mass and function
37
hyperplasia
too many cells
38
metaplasia
replacement of one cell type with another
39
dysplasia
disorganized appearance of cells where they have abnormal shapes and sizes
40
necrosis
pathological cell destruction
41
coagulative necrosis
the most common that is essentially ischemia where the loss of cell membrane causes calcium ion influx and mitochondrial dysfunction that causes lytic enzyme activation and cell destruction Heart muscle injury
42
liquifactive necrosis
lysosomal enzymes dissolve tissue- bacterial infection can cause WBCs to activate which causes cells to be digested with degradative enzymes which leave liquified cellular debris which can be pus in an abscess or cyst
43
fat necrosis
death of adipose tissue commonly associated with trauma- pancreatitis where there are high levels of pancreatic enzymes which causes fat cells to be digested and triglycerides to be released leads to hydrolysis into FFAs by pancreatic lipase to be saponified and shows chalky white tissue
44
caseous necrosis
clumpy cheese appearance where cellular debris is walled off | TB and granulomatous diseases
45
apoptosis
programmed cell death
46
gangrene
death of a large area of tissue usually due to ischemia Dry => coagulative necrosis common on extremities Wet => visceral organs GAS gangrene => clostridium infection
47
mechanisms of tissue ischemia and hypoxia
Lower mitochondrial dysfunction due to low ATP Sodium-potassium pump fails due to hydropic swelling of cells Reperfusion injury Calcium influx causes the activation of degradative enzymes Oxygen influx causes the formation of reactive radicals and oxidative injuries Lactic acidosis= pyruvate (end product of glycolysis) that is caused by the lack of ATP production during hypoxia when the metabolism becomes anaerobic (Pyruvate -> lactate -> low pH -> acidosis)
48
fat-soluble vitamins
A D E K
49
water soluble vitamins
B C Niacin Folate Pantothenic acid Biotin
50
vitamin A
vision and healthy skin deficit- visual
51
vitamin D
calcium metabolism deficit- rickets and osteomalacia
52
vitamin E
important antioxidant deficit- neurological impairment
53
vitamin K
important cofactor in the clotting cascade deficit- bleeding
54
vitamin B
cofactor in metabolic reactions deficit- (B12) pernicious anemia
55
vitamin C
cofactor in redox reactions
56
folate
DNA synthesis and pre-natal importance deficit- anemia and neural tube defects
57
vitamin A deficit
visual
58
niacin
NAD deficit- pellagra (dementia/dermatitis/diarrhea)
59
radiation cell injuries
Ionization releases free radicals and causes cell destruction and genetic damage
60
hypothermia cell injury
Causes blood vessel constriction
61
electrical cell injury
Disruption and neural/cardiac impulses Hyperthermic destruction of tissues
62
hyperthermia cell injury
Microvascular coagulation and accelerated metabolic processes
63
idiopathic etiology
cause is known
64
iatrogenic etiology
cause is the result of unintended or unwanted medical treatment
65
bell curve of diagnostic variables
A standard deviation of 2 means 95% of the population falls within that normal range
66
homeostasis
maintaining internal conditions in a stable state by keeping parameters relatively the same
67
allostasis
the body’s response and adaptive changes to achieve homeostasis
68
general adaptation syndrome
alarm reaction- fight or flight stage of resistance- allostasis stage of exhaustion- no longer able to effect a return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure
69
allostatic load
wear and tear on the body and brain from the stress responses
70
hydropic swelling (oncsosis)
the accumulation of water which is the first manifestation of most reversible cell death injuries - Due to a malfunction with the sodium-potassium pumps that are dependent on ATP - Characterized by a large, pale cytoplasm with a dilated ER and swollen mitochondria - Severe is when the ER ruptures and forms water-filled vacuoles
71
autophagy
where lysosomes that fuse with intracellular structures leading to the hydrolytic degradation
72
reperfusion injury
most of the cellular damage occurs after the blood supply has been restored to the tissues Three components: - Calcium overload - Can trigger apoptosis or activate enzymes that degrade membrane lipids - Formation of reactive oxygen molecules (free radicals) - Subsequent inflammation

Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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