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MOD Exam 3 > Neurological examination > Flashcards

Neurological examination Flashcards

1
Q

How would you diagnose a peripheral myopathy?

A

Biopsy [with peripheral nerve problems you should do a biopsy.]

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2
Q

What is the function of UMN on reflexes?

A

Keeps them under control and tends to tone them down and smooth them out.

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3
Q
  1. Paralysis
  2. Normal to accentuated reflexes
  3. Normal to increased muscle tone
  4. Minimal (disuse) muscle atrophy
    Are all _________ signs.
A

UMN

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4
Q
  1. Paralysis
  2. Hyporeflexia or areflexia
  3. Muscular hypotonia
  4. Severe, rapid (neurogenic) muscle atrophy.
    Area all _________ signs.
A

LMN

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5
Q

In a normal animal, should we get crossed extensor reflex in recumbency?

A

No

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6
Q

In dogs with ______ issues, we will still get crossed extensor reflex even when the animal is in lateral recumbency.

A

UMN

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7
Q

If an animal will only respond to painful stimuli, this is termed what?

A

Stupor

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8
Q

If an animal is unresponsive to stimuli (even painful stimuli) this is termed what?

A

Comatose

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9
Q

If an animal is not really interested in it’s surroundings, not looking at you, and if you snapped your fingers the animal would look at you but wouldn’t really care and will respond to painful stimuli in addition to this, this is termed what?

A

Depression

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10
Q

All of the cranial nerves connect to the ______ _____, so if there is a problem with this than you will see some cranial nerve deficits.

A

Brain Stem

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11
Q

Pacing, head pressing, not recognizing where the food bowl is, not remembering who owner is, not knowing whether it’s day or night and having continence issues AND seizures are all signs there might be a lesion in the _________.

A

Thalamocortex (Cerebral cortex)

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12
Q

________ is the term for when the patient cannot hold it’s head up.

A

Ventroflexion

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13
Q

_______ is the term for what a patient might do when it doesn’t know where it’s limb is in space.

A

Knuckling

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14
Q

A head tilt, falling to one side, or circling in place are all signs of _______ ______.

A

Vestibular disease.

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15
Q

_____ is the term for incoordination and the inability to walk in a straight line.

A

Ataxia

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16
Q

The purpose of the cerebellum is to?

A

Fine tune movements

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17
Q

If there are problems when performing postural reactions, all this tells you is that what?

A

Yes there is a problem or no there isn’t a problem [will not help you localize a lesion.]

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18
Q

CP deficits, hopping, placing reaction, wheelbarrowing, extensor postural thrust, and hemi-walking are all examples of?

A

Postural reactions

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19
Q

When the muscles of mastication disappear you might be thinking there is a problem with the _______ nerve.

A

Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)

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20
Q

A droopy lid or droopy eye might be signs of problems with the _____ nerve.

A

Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

21
Q

With nystagmus the slow phase will be toward the _____ side, while the fast phase is back toward the _______.

A

Affected, Middle

22
Q

If a dog has a lesion in the brain stem, will this dog have seizures?

A

No, that comes from the cerebral cortex not the brain stem.

23
Q

If there is a lesion in the right cerebral cortex, will you be able to heme-walk the dog on the left side?

A

No

24
Q

The menace response involves which two cranial nerves?

A

Afferent: Optic nerve/CN II, Efferent: Facial nerve/ CN VII

25
Q

PLRs (Pupillary light reflexes) involves which two cranial nerves?

A

Afferent: Optic nerve/ CN II, Efferent: Oculomotor nerve/ CN III

26
Q

The position of the eye depends on which 3 cranial nerves?

A

Trochlear nerve/ CN IV
Oculomotor nerve/ CN III
Abducens nerve/ CN VI

27
Q

What is the oculocephalic reflex?

A

As the head moves to the side, the eyes should try to keep medially focused and eventually may have physiological nystagmus (eyes drag behind, which is normal). If we move the head side-to-side and the eyes flick up and down, we know there is a problem in the brain stem. If we move the dogs head up and down and the eyes flick side-to-side we know there is a problem in the brain stem also.

28
Q

Jaw tone is kept intact by which nerve?

A

Trigeminal nerve/ CN V

29
Q

Tongue tone is kept intact by which nerve?

A

Hypoglossal nerve/ CN XII

30
Q

The gag reflex is kept intact by which nerve?

A

Vagus nerve/ CN X and Glossopharyngeal/ CN IX

31
Q

How can we tell if a problem is in the brain stem or a peripheral nerve problem?

A

Look at the dog’s locomotion.

32
Q

What is the perineal reflex?

A

If you stroke around the anus, it should contract and the tail should tuck. If it’s a female the vulva should come up too. [Problems with this reflex could indicate possible fecal or urinary incontinence~since it has to do with the pudendal nerve.]

33
Q

The patellar reflex is a ________ reflex.

A

Monosynaptic

34
Q

With the patellar reflex we are tapping the patellar ligament and we should see a knee jerk reaction. This is operated by the ______ nerve. If we have a lesion caudal to L3 we will most likely see ________ signs whereas if we have a lesion cranial to L3 we will most likely see ______ signs.

A

Femoral, LMN, UMN

35
Q

The flexor withdrawal involves doing what?

A

Pinching the dog’s skin between it’s toes and the dog should pull it’s foot away.

36
Q

The way to confirm a _______ is with a flexor withdrawal. If the dog has this, it will turn around to show signs of pain but has no energy to pull away. You will also have normal reflexes.

A

Myopathy

37
Q

What should we see with the cranial tibial reflex?

A

Slight flexing of the hock. [The cranial tibial lies on the outside of the tibia and runs through the sciatic nerve.]

38
Q

What should we see with the extensor carpi radialis reflex?

A

Extension of the carpus. [Tapping the ext. carpi. radialis and the radial nerve comes out anywhere between C6 and T2.]

39
Q

We will see______ signs with brachial plexus avulsion.

A

LMN [hypotonic limb, areflexia, atrophy, paresis or parlysis when performing the ext. carpi radialis reflex test.]

40
Q

If a dog has a lesion in the spinal cord between C6 and T2, will we see LMN or UMN signs when performing the extensor carpi radialis reflex test? What about in the hind limb?

A

LMN signs, UMN signs

41
Q

What are the features of an UMN bladder? Where would the lesion be?

A

Small, incomplete emptying, difficult to express. Lesion would be cranial to L3.

42
Q

What are the features of a LMN bladder? Where would the lesion be?

A

Markedly dilated and shapeless, atonic and easily expressible; these animals will be incontinent. Lesion would be caudal to L3.

43
Q

The flexor withdrawal is a good test for ______ pain.

A

Superficial

44
Q

Digit clamping is a good test for ______ pain.

A

Deep

45
Q

If you had a lesion in the region of C1-C5 you will have what types of signs in your limbs?

A

UMN in all 4 limbs

46
Q

If you had a lesion in the region of C6-T2 you will have what types of signs in your limbs?

A

LMN in forelimbs and UMN in hindlimbs.

47
Q

If you had a lesion in the region of T3-L3 you will have what types of signs in your limbs?

A

Normal forelimbs and UMN in hind limbs.

48
Q

If you had a lesion in the region of L4-S3 you will have what types of signs in your limbs?

A

Normal forelimbs and LMN in hind limbs.

MOD Exam 3 (6 decks)

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