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MOD Exam 3 > GI Obstructions > Flashcards

GI Obstructions Flashcards

1
Q

Distention, bowel motility disruption, fluid/electrolyte alterations and changes in GI microbial population are all examples of _______ obstruction.

A

Simple

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2
Q

Vascular occlusion and syndromes caused 2ndary to disease processes are causes of _______ obstruction.

A

Strangulating

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3
Q

The primary stimulation for peristalsis to occur is ______ of the GIT.

A

Distention

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4
Q

During peristalsis, myenteric receptors in the enteric nervous system contract the GIT wall ______ to distention and relax the wall ______ to it.

A

Oral, Aboral

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5
Q

Mixing of the ingesta is also termed what?

A

Segmentation

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6
Q

What is ileus?

A

An adynamic state of the GI muscle and ranges from transient and mild to life threatening.

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7
Q

Pain, electrolyte imbalances, decreased GI perfusion, endotoxemia and pharmaceuticals are all causes of _______.

A

Ileus

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8
Q

Spastic ileus is rare and occurs when you have increased ______ motility without ________.

A

Segmental, Propulsion

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9
Q

If you know there is intestinal obstruction in a patient the first thing you should ask yourself is if it’s ______ or ______. If it’s ______ it can then be broken down into neurogenic or vascular. If it’s ________ it can then be broken down into intraluminal, intramural, extraluminal or congenital.

A

~Mechanical or Functional, Functional, Mechanical

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10
Q

A foreign body is classified as a _______ intestinal obstruction.

A

Intraluminal

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11
Q

A tumor of the GIT is classified as a _______ intestinal obstruction.

A

Intramural

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12
Q

Volvulus or tumors (again) can be classified as ________ intestinal obstruction.

A

Extraluminal

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13
Q

When the bowel is in an adynamic state this is typically associated with which functional intestinal obstruction?

A

Neurogenic

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14
Q

When you have a non-strangulating infarction (ex: parasites), this is typically thought of as a ______ intestinal obstruction.

A

Vascular

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15
Q

When pain is originating from the peritoneum, ________ ________ are released into the peritoneal cavity where they stimulate reflexes such as decreased _______ and GI _______.

A

Inflammatory mediators, Motility, Distention

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16
Q

Pain, fluid sequestration into the lumen and bowel wall (which decreases absorption and leads to increased secretion into the GIT) as well as electrolyte abnormalities are all examples of what?

A

Simple (non-strangulating obstructions)

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17
Q

What are 2 reasons for gas distention of an obstructed bowel?

A
  1. Bacterial production of gas

2. Aerophagia

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18
Q

T/F: When normal motility is compromised, the first thing the gut does is become hypomotile.

A

False, the first thing it does is become hypermotile to try and move the ingesta along but when it fails to it then becomes hypomotile.

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19
Q

Mesenteric blood vessels proximal to an obstruction will ______.

A

Dilate

20
Q

Fluid losses are generally hypotonic/isotonic/or hypertonic?

A

Isotonic and generally there won’t be any electrolyte disturbances initially.

21
Q

Because the villous tips are relatively hypoxic all of the time anyway, with obstruction they become even more hypoxic due to obstructed ______ _______.

A

Venous drainage

22
Q

Hypovolemia can result from what 2 things?

A
  1. Sequestration (in the lumen, GI wall or vasculature)

2. Actual loss

23
Q

What would classify as actual loss of fluids that can lead to hypovolemia?

A

Vomit or reflux

24
Q

Because horses cannot vomit, commonly __________ tubes are placed to try and syphon out fluid. The amount that is gotten out is referred to as ______ ______. Ideally if you put in say 1 L of fluid you should get back 1 L. If you put in 1 L and get back 8 L, you know this horse is obstructed.

A

Nasogastric, Net reflux

25
Q

With strangulating small intestinal obstructions leading to venous occlusion in small animals, the GIT lived ________ hours and the patients lost a mean of _______ of their blood volume (BV).

A

5.5, 55%

26
Q

Horses will succumb to venous occlusion within _____ to _____ hours w/o treatment.

A

24 to 36

27
Q

Reperfusion injury, bacterial translocation, coagulopathies (including DIC), abdominal compartment syndrome, SIRS (systemic inflammatory response system) and MODS (multiple organ dysfunction syndrome) are all syndromes associated with _______.

A

Obstructions

28
Q

With abdominal compartment syndrome you get significant increases in what?

A

Intra-abdominal pressures

29
Q

What is an example of abdominal compartment syndrome in small animals? In large?

A

GDV in dogs, colon torsion in horses.

30
Q

What are the features of abdominal compartment syndrome?

A

Decreased venous return, portal vein compression, reduced cardiac return (so there is a drop in CO).

31
Q

Abdominal distention, tympany, decreased or absent GI sounds, vomiting (NG reflux) and dehydration are all possible signs of an _______.

A

Obstruction

32
Q

______ GI wall infarctions are more severe because both venous and arterial flow is cut off.

A

Ischemic

33
Q

In large animals you typically palpate about _____ to ______ of the colon on a rectal exam.

A

25% to 30%

34
Q

On equine abdominal auscultation charts “+” means what?

A

I’m hearing what I’m supposed to hear.

35
Q

On equine abdominal auscultation charts “+/-“ means what?

A

The sounds that I’m supposed to hear are not always there.

36
Q

On equine abdominal auscultation charts “++” means what?

A

Hypermotility

37
Q

On equine abdominal auscultation charts “-“ mean what?

A

Ileus or hypomotility

38
Q

In the left dorsal region of the horse which part of the bowels live there?

A

Small intestines and small colon

39
Q

In the right dorsal region of the horse which part of be bowels live there?

A

Cecum

40
Q

In the left ventral region of the horse which part of the bowels live there?

A

Large colon

41
Q

In the right ventral region of the horse which part of the bowels live there?

A

Large colon

42
Q

When auscultating a cow, where should you listen to the rumen at?

A

Left paralumbar fossa

43
Q

If you hear a ping on the left side of a cow at the level of the 10th intercostal space, this could signify what?

A

Gas accumulation in a limited structure other than the rumen~possibly a displaced abomasum.

44
Q

T/F: GDV is considered a simple obstruction.

A

False, it is considered a strangulating lesion.

45
Q

You are listening to a cow and here a ping on the right side between the 9th and 12th rib, the most likely cause is?

A

Right displaced abomasum.

MOD Exam 3 (6 decks)

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