Neurological disorders: Neural Canal Flashcards
Name two neurological disorders related to the neural canal
spinal cord injury
spina bifida
What neurological disorders come from brain lesions
Stroke
brain injury
cerebral palsy
Name two neurological disorders that are degenerative, adult onset
MS
ALS
What degenerative neurological disorder is hereditary
Spinal muscular atrophy
What is Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness.
Name four orthopedic disorders
Arthritis
amputation
arthrogryposis
osteogenesis imperfecta
What is the definition of spinal cord injury
Partial or complete severing of the spinal cord
What are the causes of a spinal cord injuries
Usually due to trauma such as auto accidents, sport injuries, and gunshot wounds
can be due to tumor
young men, risk takers
Quadriplegic/tetraplegia
All four extremities, often incomplete injury
Paraplegia
Only the legs, usually a complete injury
Central cord syndrome
Occurs in cervical area following hyperextension. Weakness in upper extremities > lower extremities.
Bowel, bladder and sexual dysfunction may occur
Brown Sequard
Lesion in the midsection of the spinal cord. Proprioceptive and motor loss ipsilaterally (same side).
Sensation for pain prick and temperature lost contralaterally (opposite side).
Bowel and bladder remain intact.
Anterior cord syndrome
Flexion injury causing trauma to the anterior cord. Loss of motor skills and variable sensation. Proprioception, bowel and bladder remain intact.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to fracture. Usually the bone loses density, which measures the amount of calcium and minerals in the bone.
Hypercacemia
Hypercalcemia is a condition in which the calcium level in your blood is above normal.
Deep vein thrombosis
(DVT) is a condition in which a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one or more of the deep veins in your body, usually in your legs.
Spasticity
Spasticity is stiff or rigid muscles. It may also be called unusual “tightness” or increased muscle tone.
Heterotrophic ossification
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the process by which bone tissue forms outside of the skeleton.
Neurogenic bladder
refers to dysfunction of the urinary bladder due to disease of the central nervous system or peripheral nerves involved in the control of micturition (urination).
autonomic Dysreflexia
Autonomic hypereflexive
most common above T6
reaction of autonomic system to overstimulation causes constipation or full bladder or UTI
high blood pressure, sweating, redness, headaches, blurred vision
treatment: sit up, remove trigger
orthostatic hypotension
Postural hypotension
blood pressure suddenly drops, lightheaded, dizzy
difficulty maintaining normal blood pressure and blood flow to upper body
treatment: lay down, justification for recline
Is Spinal cord pathology Progressive
Nonprogressive, some recovery may occur after initial spinal shock
Spinal cord pathology complete lesions leads to what?
Permanent paralysis and loss of sensation before below the lesion
If the etiology is dramatic in spinal cord injury, one of the complications can occur?
Orthopedic complications
and/or a head injury
n32*4In a spinal cord injury children are at risk for what?
Scoliosis
Define spina bifida
Born with defect in spine and cord due to incomplete fusion during development
may be due to genetic, environmental or nutritional reasons
common causes: exposure to heat, decreased Bullock acid intake or drug abuse
What is meningocele?
Spinal cord permeates into the vertebral opening, skin remains intact, often no damage occurs to cord. Type of spina bifida.
What is myelomeningocele?
It’s a spinal cord is exposed and paralysis occurs below this level. Tissue exposed out of the body; surgeries needed.
What is hydrocephalus?
Buildup of spinal fluid in the ventricles, leading to possible skull deformity and brain damage.
What is Arnold-Chiari malformation?
Part of the cerebellum protrudes into spinal canal.
Pathology Hydrocephalus: name six possible outcomes.
Paralysis and lack of sensation below area of neural Involvement
muscle weakness may occur above lesion
decreased muscle tone
poor trunk control and balance
spinal deformities
decreased motor planning, coordination and midline skills
Hydrocephalus: visual impairments include the following
Weak ocular motor control poor fixation impaired tracking impaired scanning impaired perception
Hydrocephalus: cognitive impairments, including:
Normal to severe cognitive impairment learning disabilities language difficulties attention deficits problems with memory
Spinal cord injuries: name five positioning techniques.
Provide support, particularly below the level of injury
children are particularly prone to scoliosis as they grow
pressure relief!
Stability for function
change of position for pressure relief and redistribution, for ADLs and for medical reasons
Pressure ulcers; name Seven contributing factors:
Lack of sensation to tell body to shift weight
moisture: urine, sweat,
heat (cushion materials, cover)
hygiene
body prominences
nutrition
skin integrity, such as prior pressure sore
Spinal cord injury: mobility six applications
Manual wheelchair power wheelchair actuators Drive control interfacing accessories: ventilator
Spinal cord injury: 6 AT applications
Vehicle mobility ADL equipment to replace/enhance handgrip and reach electronic aids to daily living (EADL) computer with alternative access architectural modifications recreational technology
