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Mech of disease exam 2 > Neurological disorders and diseases > Flashcards

Neurological disorders and diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what is consciousness?

A

state of awareness of ones self and the environment and the ability to react to external stimuli

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2
Q

what is arousal?

A

state of awakeness and all conscious thought

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3
Q

what is awakeness?

A

all cognitive function

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4
Q

what is brain death?

A

when the brain can no longer maintain internal homeostasis

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5
Q

What are some of the brain death criteria?

A
  • un responsive coma
  • no spontaneous respiration (apnea)
  • no brainstem function
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6
Q

What is Cerebral death?

A
  • irreversible coma - death of both hemispheres exclusive of brainstem and cerebellum.
  • no behavioural or environmental responses
  • no respiratory function can be maintained
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7
Q

In Cerebral brain death can internal homeostasis be maintained?

A

Yes

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8
Q

When people survive comas, what is life like?

A
  • remain in coma
  • vegetative state - if they arise awareness is absent
  • progress into minimal conscious sate (MCS)
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9
Q

What is selective attention?

A

ability to select from available, competing environmental and internal stimuli

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10
Q

what is sensory inattentiveness? what are the two types

A

person is able to recognize sensory, but ignores it.

2 types: Extinction & Neglect Syndrome

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11
Q

what is selective attention deficit? Where is it mediated?

A

the inability to focus on stimuli. Can be temporary, permanent or progressive.
Mediated by the midbrain and thalamus and parietal structures

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12
Q

What is Amnesia? what are the types?

A

failure to recognize the form or nature of objects.
Retrograde - past thoughts are lost
Anterograde - new memories cant be formed

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13
Q

what is an example of an attention deficit?

A

ADHD

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14
Q

What is Dementia? What are some examples of memory losses associated with dementia?

A

Progressive failure of many cerebral functions including intellectual processes.
Losses: orientation, memory, language, judgement, decision making

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15
Q

What are mechanisms of Dementia?

A

neuron degeneration, brain tissue compression, atherosclerosis, brain trauma

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16
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Cardiac disease

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17
Q

What is Alzheimers Disease? 3 types?

A 
irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks
types: 
Early onset familial 
Late onset non hereditary sporadic 
Early onset (rare)
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18
Q

What causes Alzheimer disease?

A

Plaque build up in the brain due to excessive amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangles

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19
Q

What do microtubules do in the nervous system?

A

transport nutrients and organelles from soma to tip of axon

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20
Q

What are Seizures?

A

sudden, uncontrolled, abnormal discharges of cortical neurons. can cause changes in your behavior, movements or feelings, and in levels of consciousness.

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21
Q

what are some causes of seizures?

A

cerebral brain leisons, biochemical disorders, trauma, epilepsy

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22
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

reoccurring seizures - thought to be genetic mutations interacting with environmental factors

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23
Q

Seizures can be ______ or ________.

A

generalized or focal

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24
Q

What are convulsions?

A

tonic-clonic (jerky, contract - relax) movements associated with seizures

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25
Q

How are Seizures categorized?

A

clinical manifestations, site of origin, EEG correlates and response to therapy

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26
Q

What is increased intracranial pressure? (IIPC) examples?

A

caused by increase in intracranial content

tumour growth, edema, excessive CSF or haemorrhage.

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27
Q

What is Cerebral Edema? What are the types of edema (3)?

A

increased in fluid within the brain - intracellular or extracellular
types:
Vasogenic - extracellular accumulation of fluid resulting from disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) - caused by increased permeability of capillaries in brain
Cytotoxic - cell swelling by intracellular build accumulation
Interstitial - seen with non communicating hydrocephalus. caused by transependymal movement of CSF from ventricles into extracellular space of brain tissues

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28
Q

What is Hydrocephalus?

A

excess fluid in ventricles, sub arachnoid space or both. imbalance of how much CSF is produced and how much is absorbed.

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29
Q

Why could there be poor absorption of CSF in the brain?

A

inflammation of tissue or obstruction

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30
Q

what is hypotonia?

A

an abnormally low level of muscle tone.

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31
Q

What is hypertonia?

A

an abnormally high level of muscle tone or tension.

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32
Q

what is spasticity?

A

certain muscle only constantly contract and causes stiffness of muscle

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33
Q

what is paratonia?

A

inability to relax muscles during assessment of muscle tone

34
Q

what is dystonia?

A

muscle contract uncontrollably - one muscle or whole body

35
Q

What is rigidity?

A

inability to be changed or adapted shape

36
Q

What is Huntingtons Disease?

A

autosomal dominant hereditary degenerative disorder

also known as chorea. Degeneration of basal ganglia (caudate nucleus) and cerebral cortex. Depletion of GABA

37
Q

What is Parkinsons Disease?

A

severe degeneration of basal ganglia (corpus striatum) involving dopaminergic nigrostraital pathway.

38
Q

What hormone is depleted in Parkinsons disease?

A

Dopamine in basal ganglia

39
Q

what is Brady Kensisa? how is it related to huntingtons disease?

A

slow movement, postural disturbances, autonomic and neuroednocrine symptoms

40
Q

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ?

A

Neuro-degenerative disorder involving upper and lower motor neurons

41
Q

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis cause?

A

progressive muscle weakness, decrease in muscle mass and normal gate patterns

42
Q

What is Traumatic brain injury?

A

alteration in brain function due to external force

43
Q

What is primary TBI?

A

direct impact
focal or diffuse
focal - closed blunt brain trauma or open penetrating
diffuse - non direct trauma, brain shaking

44
Q

What is secondary TBI?

A

indirect consequence of primary injury
more common
occurs days or hours after initial trauma
can be open injury - fractured skull

45
Q

What is focal brain injury?

A

observable brain lesion. force typically produces contusions.

46
Q

What is a epidural hematoma?

A

bleeding occurs between the tough outer membrane covering the brain (dura mater) and the skull.

47
Q

what is a subdural hematoma?

A

collection of blood outside the brain. increases pressure on brain

48
Q

What is a intracerebral hematoma ?

A

occurs when blood pools in the brain

49
Q

What is a hematoma ?

A

clotting of blood within the brain

50
Q

What is a diffuse brain injury?

A

axonal damage due to acceleration/deceleration or rotational forces

51
Q

What is a mild concussion

A

immediate but transitory clinical manifestation

52
Q

What is a classic cerebral concussion?

A

loss of consciousness for < 6 hours with amnesia and confusion lasting for hour or days

53
Q

What is a secondary brain injury?

A

indirect result of primary brain injury, develops in intra or inter cranial responses to previous injury –> causing further neuronal death

54
Q

What are complications of TBI?

A

post concussion syndrome & post traumatic seizures

55
Q

What is a primary spinal cord Injury?

A

occurs with initial mechanical trauma and immediate tissue destruction. inadequate mobilization after injury. damage to neuron from shearing.

56
Q

What is a secondary cord injury?

A

pathological cascade of events that begins immediately after injury and continues for weeks

57
Q

What is vertebral injury?

A

injury of vertebral and neural tissues as a result of compressing, pulling and shearing forces

58
Q

What is a hypertension injury?

A

stretching and disruption of intervertebral disks

59
Q

What is a flexion injury?

A

wedge fracture - caused by flexion

60
Q

What is a compression injury?

A

compression of vertebral disks

61
Q

Flexion rotation injury?

A

injury on vertebral disks due to rotation

62
Q

What is spinal shock?

A

develops immediately after injury. normal activity ceases at and below level of injury. complete loss of reflex function below the lesion

63
Q

What is Neurogenic shock?

A

occurs within cervical or upper thoracic spinal cord. injury about t5 and is caused by the absence of sympathetic activity and unopposed parasympathetic tone mediated by the vagus nerve.

64
Q

what is autonomic hyper-reflixia (dysreflexia) ?

A

massive, uncompensated cardiovascular response to stimulation of sympathetic nervous system. spinal cord injury at T6 and above. complete loss of reflex function below the lesion

65
Q

what is Cerebral-vascular disorder?

A

cerebral vascular accidents or strokes.

66
Q

what is the cause of stroke? what is the result?

A

Cause: abnormal blood flow in the brain.
Result: disability and neuronal disfunction

67
Q

what is transient ischemic stroke

A

occurs when there is an obstruction to arterial blood flow to the brain from thrombus formation. smaller episodes of neuro disfunction - no longer than an hour.

68
Q

what is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

third most common. when blood from an artery begins bleeding into the brain. This happens when a weakened blood vessel bursts and bleeds into the surrounding brain. Pressure from the leaked blood damages brains cells, and, as a result, the damaged area is unable to function properly.

69
Q

what is a migraine?

A

familial, eposiodic disorder whose marker is a headche but is repeated. can last for 4-72 hours and typically more common in women age 22-55.

70
Q

Migraines are worsened by __________.

A

movement

71
Q

what is tension type head ache?

A

most common, mild to moderate bilateral headache with a sensation of tight band or pressure. occurs 15 days a month for several hours or several days

72
Q

how can you diagnosis a migraine? what are the symptoms?

A

unilateral, throbbing, nausea, vomitting, photophobia or phonophobia

73
Q

What is Meningitis? what are the three types?

A 
infection of the meninges 
Types: 
fungal - least common
bacterial - infection of the pia, arachnoid and sub archnoid space 
viral - limited to meninges
74
Q

what is Multiple sclerosis?

A

acquired autoimmune disease that is progressive, inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the CNS.

75
Q

what is Guillian-barre syndrome?

A

acquired inflammatory disease demyelinating disorder of the periphery nerves. Acute, onset ascending motor paralysis. Involves humoral and cellular immunological reactions

76
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

acquired chronic autoimmune disease. IgG antibodies attack ach receptors and blocks binding. defect in nerve impulse transmission at the post synaptic membrane of muscular junction

77
Q

what are the symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

weakness, fatigue of muscles and eyes and throat - causing diplopia and difficulty swallowing and chewing.

78
Q

What is a brain tumour?

A

tumour in the brain, can be either primary or metastatic (extracerebral tumours)

79
Q

What are primary brain tumour (gliomas)? what are the 3 types?

A

originate from brain substance including neuroglia, neurons and cells of blood vessels.
3 types:
astrocytoma - They originate in a particular kind of glial cells.
oligodendroglioma - originate from the oligodendrocytes of the brain or from a glial precursor cell.
Ependymoma - is a tumour that arises from the ependyma, a tissue of the central nervous system

80
Q

what are extracerebral tumours (metastatic)? what are the 3 types?

A

inside or outside of the brain
3 types?
Meningioma - tumor that forms on membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord just inside the skull
nerves sheath tumour (neurofribroma) - abnormal growth within the cells of this covering
metastatic brain tumours - begins elsewhere in the body and spreads to the brain

81
Q

what are the two types of spinal cord tumours?

A

intramedullary and extramedullary

Mech of disease exam 2 (3 decks)

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