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Mech of disease exam 2 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the mouth do in the digestion system ?

A

mechanical breakdown of food, package food into bolus and some enzymes are secreted to help break down food.

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2
Q

what does the esophagus do in the digestion system ?

A

peristalsis to move food down into the stomach and some mechanical breakdown

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3
Q

what does the stomach do in the digestion system ?

A

chemical and mechanical breakdown of food through enzymes, gastric juices, mucous and muscle contractions

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4
Q

what does the small intestine do in the digestion system ?

A

nutrient absorption and peristalsis

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5
Q

what does the large intestine do in the digestion system ?

A

water reabsorption and formulation of fecal waste removal

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6
Q

what does the rectum do in the digestion system ?

A

sphincter that is going to allow for fecal matter to be expelled

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7
Q

what does the anus do in the digestion system ?

A

exit site for waste

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8
Q

what are the layers of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa/adventia

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9
Q

what is the enteric plexus?

A

autonomic nerve plexus from esophagus to anus

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10
Q

describe what the mouth does?

A

taste buds allow for different tastes and mixes for with saliva

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11
Q

describe what the esophagus does and the components ?

A

moves food from mouth to stomach. upper third is voluntary skeletal muscle allowing for swallowing and bottom third is smooth muscle which is involuntary

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12
Q

what does saliva do?

A

helps in mechanical digestion and lubricates mouth and allows to package food into bolus at the back of the mouth
controlled by sympathetic and parasympathetic factors

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13
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

controlled by mesentric plexus of nerves. the action of moving food down the via esophagus opposing contraction

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14
Q

what is segmentation?

A

local mixing of chyme that is released by stomach

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15
Q

what are the two sphincters in the esophagus?

A

upper esophageal and lower esophageal

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16
Q

what are the two phases of swallowing?

A

oropharyngeal and esophageal

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17
Q

what is oropharyngeal swallowing?

A

bolus of food is forced toward pharynx, pharynx contracts while respiration is inhibited (stops choking) and spligottis slides downwards

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18
Q

what is esophageal swallowing?

A

bolus of food enters esophagus, esophagus relaxes, peristalsis occurs moving food toward lower esophageal sphincter

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19
Q

describe the stomachs function?

A

muscular organs stores food, secretes digestive enzymes and juices, mixes food with juices and propels partially digested food into small intestine

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20
Q

what are the 4 concepts in gastric motility ?

A

swallowing, motilin, secretion and gastric mixing

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21
Q

what is the role of swallowing in gastric motility?

A

causes fundus (top of stomach allowing food to enter). facilitated by gastrin (stimulates acid secretion) and cholecystokinin (alkaline fluid).

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22
Q

what is the role of motilin in gastric motility?

A

increases rate of digestion by increasing peristalsis

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23
Q

what is the role of secretion in gastric motility?

A

decreases peristalsis - cholecystokinin inhibits

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24
Q

what is the role of gastric mixing in gastric motility?

A

retropulsion - mixing

25
Q

The _______ nerve stimulates gastric emptying

A

vagus

26
Q

what are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?

A

cephalic phase - stimulated by thought, smell and taste
gastric phase - stimulated by distension of the stomach (full/empty)
intestinal phase - stimulated by histamine and digested protein

27
Q

what is gastrin?

A

peptide hormone for stimulating gastric acids formation

28
Q

what are paracrine pathways?

A

cell signalling to stimulate gastric acids

29
Q

what is the fundus do?

A

helps the with intrinsic factors (ie vitamin absorption)

30
Q

what is the role of mucous?

A

lubricates and protect lining of esophagus and stomach and stimulated by prostaglandins.

31
Q

what are prostaglandins?

A

active lipid compounds

32
Q

what is the duodenum and what does it do?

A

first part of small intestine: lowers toxicity of chyme that enters the common bile duct and lymphatic system. 10” long.

33
Q

what is the jejunum and ilium and what does it do?

A

2nd and 3rd part of small intestine: has villi and microvilli for increase surface area for absorption of nutrients into blood flow

34
Q

what is the peritoneum and what does it do? what are the two types?

A

membrane surrounding organs of abdominal and pelvic cavity
2 types
visceral - covering organs
parietal - external within the cavity

35
Q

what is the Paritoneal cavity?

A

space between visceral and parietal layers

36
Q

what are the two layers of smooth muscle in the digestive tract?

A

longitudinal (outer) and circular (inner)

37
Q

intestinal digestion in the stomach

A

HCl and pepsin

38
Q

small intestine digestion

A

pancreatic enzymes, intestinal enzymes and biles salts

39
Q

what are the 3 portions of the colon

A

ascending, transverse and descending

40
Q

the pouches of the colon are called _______.

A

Haustra

41
Q

where does the blood supply comes from in the digestive system?

A

superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

42
Q

What role does the GI tract have in immunity?

A

mucosal secretions produce antibodies IgA. cells produce antibiotic peptides and lysosomes important in mucosal immunity

43
Q

what is a Peyers Patch?

A

collection of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages - produce antibody IgA

44
Q

what is splanchnic blood flow?

A

provides blood flow to digestive organs

45
Q

how is splanchnic blood flow altered in parasympathetic mode?

A

blood flow is normal

46
Q

how is splanchnic blood flow altered in sympathetic mode?

A

no/limited blood flow –> digestion is inhibited

47
Q

what does the gallbladder do?

A

store and concentrate bile between meals

48
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

produce factors to aid in digestion of carbs and sugars

49
Q

what does hepatocytes do in the liver?

A

bile production

50
Q

what is hepatic portal circulation?

A

circulation of blood when it doesn’t travel through the heart. directs blood from gastrointestinal tract to esophagus and rectum.

51
Q

what does bile do?

A

breaks down lipids in the duodenum by travelling through the common hepatic duct.

52
Q

what is enterohepatic circulation?

A

circulation of biliary acids, bilirubin from liver to bile followed by entry to small intestine.
liver –> hepatic duct –> common bile duct –> small intestine

53
Q

what is bilirubin ?

A

by product of destruction of aged RBC in the spleen and is used by hepatocytes and secreted by bile

54
Q

what are the 5 functions of the liver ?

A

metabolism, detoxification, production/excretion of bile, storage of blood, and storage of minerals and vitamins.

55
Q

describe the exocrine pancreas?

A

composed of acinar cells that secrete enzymes and alkaline fluids that aid in digestion

56
Q

how is the blood supplied to the pancreas?

A

branches of celiac and superior mesenteric arteries

57
Q

what is a trypsin inhibitor?

A

prevents activation of proteolytic enzymes while in the pancreas

58
Q

where is enteric kinase secreted ?

A

duodenal mucosa - activates inactive enzymes

Mech of disease exam 2 (3 decks)

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