Neurological Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 functions of the Cerebral Cortex ?
A
1. Movement
2. Thought and Personality
3. Language
4. Vision
5. Hearing
2
Q
Neurologic Damage May affect the following :
1. Level of —————————-
2. Motor —————–
3. ————– Function
4. V———————–
5. L————–
A
1. Level of Consciousness
2. Motor Function
3. Sensory Function
4. Vision
5. Language
3
Q
It is a state of unconsciousness and it last more than 6 hours,
It is known as ——————
A
COMA
4
Q
Described as “comatose” state
Fill in the the blank
- When Person cannot be ———————-,
- Does not respond to normally painful ————–, light or sound
- ——————— from which a person cannot be aroused
- Eyes remain————-
- ———–normal sleep-wake cycle
- Does not initiate any ————— actions
A
- Awakened (When Person cannot be)
- Stimuli (Does not respond to normally painful ————–, light or sound)
- Unresponsiveness (——————— from which a person cannot be aroused)
- Closed (Eyes remain————-)
- Lack (———–normal sleep-wake cycle)
- Voluntary ( Does not initiate any ————— actions)
5
Q
According to the GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale),
a person with —————–is considered
to be in the mildest form of Coma
A
Confusion
6
Q
Coma may result from a variety of conditions:
1. drug/alcohol intoxication
2. N————————
3. D————————
4. H———————–
5. Head ———-, etc.
A
2. neurological
3. deficits
4. hypoglycemia
5. head trauma, etc.
7
Q
—————————– was developed to quickly assess a patient’s neurological status
A
Glascow Coma Scale
8
Q
Glascow Coma Scale determines the best
1. ——————-response,
2.——————-response,
3.———————-response
A
1. Eye response,
2. Verbal response,
3. Motor response
9
Q
Generally, brain injury is classified under the Glasgow Coma Scale as:
Severe = ——————
—————— = —————
—————— = ————–
A
Severe = GCS ≤ 8
Moderate = GCS 9 – 12
Minor/Mild = GCS ≥ 13.
10
Q
There are 4 clues to the cause of a coma
1. ———————– patterns
2 .Level of —————–
3. ————— responses
3. ——————— light response and eye movement
A
1. Respiration patterns
2 .Level of arousal
3. Motor responses
3. Pupillary light response and eye movement
11
Q
What are the 3 coma respiration responses ?
A
1. Forebrain
2. Midbrian
3.Medulla
12
Q
The Coma Respiration Responsses occur in the follwing areas of the brain as one of which:
————————- Diffuse forebrain impairment without brain stem injury induces a
pattern of —————————- and————–with progression to ————————————
A
Forebrain
Yawning
Sighing
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
13
Q
The Coma Respiration Responsses occur in the follwing areas of the brain as one of which:
—————— is when progression of coma continues to ———————- respiration changes to—————————————————— leads to Frequency of respirations may exceed 40 breathes per minute, because of uninhibited stimulation of ——————————————————————-
A
Midbrain
Midbrain
Neurogenic hyperventilation
Inspiratory and expiratory centers
14
Q
The Coma Respiration Responsses occur in the follwing areas of the brain as one of which:
With medullary involvement respirations are————— that leads totally uncoordinated and irregular; It generally indicates a poor ———————-, and usually
progresses to complete——————–
A
Ataxic ( means: a=without, taxic=coordination)
prognosis
apnea
15
Q
Under the Coma Arousal & Motor Response
———————————————————results from increased muscle excitability; characterized by **rigidity of the arms with palms and hands turned away from the body and stiffly ————legs with plantar ————of the feet; back is arched backwards leads to damage to——————-
A
Decerebrate (extensor) Posture
Extended
Flexion
Midbrain
16
Q
Under COMA Arousal & Motor Response
——————————————characterized by —————of the arms, wrists and fingers with —————————-of the upper extremities, —————– rotation and plantar —————- of the lower extremities that lead to damage to —————————- tract(s)
A
Decorticate (flexion) Posture
Flexion
Adduction
Internal rotation
Flexion
corticospinal
17
Q
Under COMA Arousal & Motor Response
Both decorticate and ——————posturing are poor prognostic signs
A
Decerebrate
18
Q
————————–elicited by shining a light in one eye
A
Pupillary reflex
19
Q
Under Coma Pupillary Reflexes
In ———-injury, pupils may initially respond briskly to ——————, but they become unreactive and dilated as brain function
A
Brain
Light
Deteriorates
20
Q
Under Coma Pupillary Reflexes
A bilateral loss of light response is indicative of ———————-of brain——————
A
Lesions
Brain Stem
21
Q
Under the Coma Pupillary Reflexes
A unilateral loss of ———————- response may be due to a ———— of
the optic or ————– pathways
A
Pupillary light
Lesion
Oculomotor
22
Q
Under Come Eye movement
In persons with diffuse ————- injury, the eyes often
move aimlessly or do not move spontaneously
A
Brain
Eyes
23
Q
Under Come Eye movement
The —————————–can be used to determine if the brainstem centers for eye movement are intact.
A
Doll’s head response
24
Q
—————————————
consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.
A
Brain Stem
25
**--------------------------- serves a critical role in regulating**
**certain involuntary actions of the body,**
**including heartbeat and breathing.**
**Brainstem**
26
-----------------------**reflex (normal) if eyelids are held**
**open, eyes will move in direction opposite of passive**
**neck movement and then rapidly return to mid-position**
**Oculocephalic**
27
**------------------------ response (abnormal) = loss of Oculocephalic reflex**
**The ------------------response demonstrates the always**
**present ------------------------static reflexes**
**Hint "Barbie Doll"**
**_Doll’s head_**
**_Doll’s head_**
**_Vestibular_**
**note :**
**The vestibular system includes the parts of the inner ear and brain that help control balance and eye movements. If the system is damaged by disease, aging, or injury, vestibular disorders can result, and are often associated with one or more of these symptoms, among others: – Dizziness. – Imbalance. – Vertigo.**
28
**The vestibular system includes the parts of the inner ear and brain that help control balance and eye movements. If the system is damaged by disease, aging, or injury, vestibular disorders can result, and are often associated with one or more of these symptoms, among others: – Dizziness. – Imbalance. – Vertigo.**
**True / False**
**True**
29
**Severe damage to --------------------------or to the ----------------------- rostral to the pons**
**leads the eyes stay in midposition (fixed) or turn to the same side.**
**(Ie. Doll’s head response)**
**hint: Rostral refers to the anterior (front) aspect of the head**
**Forebrain**
**Brainstem**
30
**Most persons in prolonged coma who survive evolve to**
**what is called: ----------------------------------------------------------**
**Persistant Vegetative State**
31
**This is characterized by loss of all ------------------------functions and awareness of surroundings**
**(even though they seem like they are aware)**
**Under ----------------------------------------**
**Cognitive**
**Persistant Vegetative State**
32
**Reflex and vegetative functions remain, including**
**------------- and -------------cycles, Persons must be fed and require full nursing care.**
**This occurs under -------------------------------------------------**
## Footnote
**Wake**
**Sleep**
**Persistent Vegetative State**
33
**_Under the Vegetative Persistant State_**
**The cerebrum, can no longer function,**
**but the----------------------and --------------------------, which control sleep**
**cycles, body temperature, breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate, \*can function**
**Thalamus and Brainstem**
34
**If a ------------------------------ lasts for more than a few months,**
**people are unlikely to recover consciousness**
**Vegetative State**
35
**This condition is the most severe form of**
**unconsciousness is called ----------------------------------**
**BRAIN DEATH**
36
**-----------------------------is the absence of clinical brain function**
**when the proximate cause is known and irreversible**
**Brain Death**
37
**The brain has permanently lost the ability to perform all**
**vital functions, including breathing. Surviving only via a ventilator (life support)**
**It is called -------------------------------**
**BRAIN DEATH**
38
**A --------------------dead person is considered legally dead**
**Brain**
39
**The person does not grimace, move, or otherwise react in response to any type of stimulation.**
**The eyes do not react to light.**
**All reflexes are absent.**
**The person makes no attempt to breathe**
**It is called --------------------------------------**
**BRAIN DEATH**
40
**The --------------------------------------------originate in the cerebral cortex and travel down to the**
**brain stem or spinal cord,**
**Upper Motor Neuron**
41
---------------------------------------- **begin in the spinal cord and go on to innervate muscles and glands throughout the body.**
**Lower Motor Neurons**
42
**Damage to posterior zone of frontal lobe---------------------------------OR damage to**
**-----------------------------------------Tract in brain (above medulla)**
**(Primary Motor Cortex)**
**Corticospinal**
43
**The ------------------------------- is a white matter motor pathway starting at the cerebral cortex that terminates on lower motor neurons and interneurons in the spinal cord, controlling movements of the limbs and trunk.**
**Corticospinal Tract**
44
**-----------------------------(opposite side)**
**weakness(------------------------)**
**and/or paralysis (below -------------------------)**
**CONTRALATERAL**
**Paresis**
**Medulla**
45
**Increased muscle tone and reflexes that leads to**
-----------------------------
**Hyperreflexia**
46
**--------------------------- leads to Spastic Paralysis & Immobility**
**note : Spastic means muscle spasm**
**Contractures**
47
**One of the diagnostic test for motor fiunction for the upper motor neuron lesion is --------------------------------------------**
**Babinksi’s sign**
48
## Footnote
**Damage to anterior/ventral (motor) horns of spinal cord**
**(ie. Corticospinal tracts below medulla),**
**it is affecting the -------------------------------------------------**
**Lower motor neuron lesion**
49
**------------------------(same side) weakness and/or**
**paralysis at and below level of damage**
**IPSILATERAL**
50
**Under lower motor neuron lesion**
**Loss of muscle tone is called ----------------------**
**Flaccid**
51
**Under lower motor neuron lesion**
**Absence of reflexes leads to ---------flexia/-------------reflexia**
**& ----------------- paralysis**
**Areflexia/Hyporeflexia**
**Flaccid**
**note**
Areflexia is a condition in which your muscles don't respond to stimuli.
Hyporeflexia refers to a condition in which your muscles are less responsive to stimuli
52
**Under lower motor neuron lesion**
**one of the Diagnostic testing is through---------------------------**
**Normal plantar reflex**
53
**Under motor function of the corticspinal tract**
**Due to the crossover of the Corticospinal tract in**
**the medulla, Upper Motor Neuron**
**Lesions will lead to------------------------------------- effects**
**CONTRALATERAL**
54
**Under motor function of the corticspinal tract**
**Lower Motor Neuron Lesions will lead to ----------------------- effects**
**IPSILATERAL**
55
**Under Sensory Function**
**Somatosensory cortex (------------------------- lobe)**
**Parietal**
56
**Under Sensory function**
**Spinothalamic Tract leads to -----------------, ---------------------,**
**crude touch which leads to ------------------------ effect**
**Pain**
**Temperature**
**CONTRALATERAL**
57
**Under Sensory function**
---------------------- **Column**
**Leasds to Fine touch, vibration,**
**proprioception (position sense) which leads to**
---------------------------------- **effect**
**Dorsal**
**IPSILATERAL**
58
**Under Sensory function**
**Damage can involve**
**touch, pain, temperature,**
**a position sense, ------------, hearing,**
**taste, and----------------.**
**vision**
**smell**
59
**Impulses travel up (to the brain) or down (from the brain) to the spinal cord through distinct pathways called---------------------**
**Each---------------------- carries a different type of nerve signal either going to or from the -------------------------**
**Tracts**
**Tract**
**Brain**
60
-------------------------------------- **signals about pain, temperature and crude touch, receivedby the sensory horn, travel through this tract to the brain**
**Lateral spinothalamic tract**
61
----------------------------------**signals about the position of the arms and legs (proprioception), fine touch, and vibration, received by the sensory horn, travel through these tracts to the brain**
**Dorsal Columns**
62
**---------------------------------------signals to move a muscle (motor) travel from the brain through these tracts to the motor horn, which routes them to the muscle**
**Corticospinal Tracts**
63
**Under Spinal Cord Tracts**
**---------------------------------transmits information to the thalamus about pain, temperature, and crude touch Unilateral lesion usually causes -------------------------------------------------------anaesthesia (loss of pain and temperature)**
**Spinothalamic Tract**
**CONTRALATERAL**
64
## Footnote
**Under Spinal Cord Tracts**
**------------------------------------is the sensory pathway responsible for transmitting fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebralcortex called Lesions in this pathway can diminish or completely abolish tactile sensations and movement or position sense below the lesion on the ----------------------- side**
**Dorsal Column**
**IPSILATERAL**
65
**Under Spinal Cord Tracts**
**-------------------------- medulla which leads to Control the movement of --------------------------------limbs**
**----------------medulla which leads to control movement of ----------------------limbs**
**Above**
**Contralateral**
**Below**
**Ipsilateral**
66
**Neurologic Damage**
**Damage to Optic Chiasm Leads to complete ----------- loss in both eyes**
**Vision**
67
**Neurologic Vision Damage**
**Damage to unilateral occipital lobe leads to loss of**
**------------------------------visual field in both eyes**
**contralateral**
68
**Neurological Vision Damage**
**can lead to**
**1.--------------------------**
**2. Homonymous ------------------------**
**3 . ---------------------------**
**1. Blindness**
**2. Homonymous Hemianopsia**
**Homonymous hemianopsia is a condition in which a person sees only one side―right or left―of the visual world of each eye**
**3 .Diplopia**
**Diplopia is the perception of 2 images of a single object.**
69
## Footnote
**Under Neurologic Damage Vision**
**Loss of Left Visual Field caused by Damage**
**to ----------------------- or Right Optic ----------------------------–**
**which is called the Left Homonymous ----------------------------**
**Occipital**
**Tract**
**Homonymous Hemianopsis**
70
**NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LANGUAGE**
**The inability to comprehed and/or express language**
**is called -------------------------------------**
**Aphasia**
71
**NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LANGUAGE**
**Difficulty with comprehendingand/or expressing language**
**is called ---------------------**
**Dyphasia**
72
**NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LANGUAGE**
**Expressive (motor) aphasia = impaired ability**
**to speak or write fluently leads to ----------------------**
**Broca’s area**
73
**NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LANGUAGE**
**Receptive (sensory) aphasia = impaired**
**ability to read or understand language that leads ----------------------**
**Wernicke’s area**
74
**NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LANGUAGE**
**Global aphasia = combination of expressive**
**and receptive leads to -------------------------------------**
**Broca & Wernicke’s areas**
75
**Neurologic Damage:**
**to the Left Hemispshere leads to**
* *1. Logical thinking
2. Analytical skills**
**3. Communication skills (Broca & Wernicke)**
## Footnote
* *1. Logical thinking
2. Analytical skills**
**3. Communication skills (Broca & Wernicke)**
76
**Neurologic Damage:**
**to the _Right Hemispshere_ leads to**
* *1. ----------------------------
2. ----------------------------**
**3. -----------------------------**
**4. -----------------------------**
## Footnote
**1. Music and art appreciation**
* *2. Behavioural skills
3. Spatial orientation
4. Relationship patterns**
**ie. Mobility and recognition of contralateral side leads hemineglect**
77
**NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: To the Frontal lobe leads to**
---------------------------------------- **foot or leg, impaired ------------------, -------------------of contralateral arm,-----------------------loss over toes, foot and leg**
**Easily distracted, slowness of thought**
--------------------------**incontinence, cognitive and affective disorders**
## Footnote
**Paralysis of contralateral**
**Gait**
**Paresis**
**Contralateral sensory**
**Urinary**
78
**NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LOBES**
**Frontal Lobe is related to ----------------, ------------------------- , -------------------------**
**Paralysis of contralateral foot or leg, impaired gait, paresis of contralateral arm, contralateral sensory loss over toes, foot and leg**
**Easily distracted, slowness of thought**
**Urinary incontinence, cognitive and affective disorders**
**motor, sensory, cognition**
79
**NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LOBES**
**Middle cerebrum is related to --------------------, -------------------, ------------------**
**Sensory**
**Language**
**Hearing**
80
## Footnote
**NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LOBES**
**Massive infarction of most of lateral hemisphere**
**can leads to**
**Contralateral --------------------- (face and arm),**
**----------------------------- Contralateral ,**
**------------------------------------,**
**-------------------------------------,**
**Inability to turn eyes towards**
**Hemiplegia**
**Sensory impairment**
**Aphasia**
**Altered consciousness**
**Paralyzed side**
81
**NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LOBES**
**Middle cerebrum which relstes to --------------, --------------, --------------**
**sensory, language, hearing**
82
**NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LOBES**
**Massive infarction of most of lateral hemisphere can cause**
**Contralateral hemiplegia (face and arm),**
**Contralateral ---------------impairment,**
**------------------,**
**Altered -----------------------,**
**Inability to turn--------------- towards paralyzed side**
## Footnote
**Hemiplegia**
**Sensory**
**Aphasia**
**Consciousness**
**Eyes**
83
## Footnote
**NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LOBES**
**Posterior cerebrum**
**Occipital lobe relates ------------------, ----------------------**
**vision, memory**
84
## Footnote
**NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LOBES**
**Posterior cerebrum can cause the following**
**------------------------------------------------------------------(is a visual field defect involving either the two right or the two left halves of the visual fields of both eyes), other visual defects such as**
**------------------------------------------------------,---------------------------------------------**
**Homonymous hemianopsia color blindness,**
**loss of central vision
Memory deficits**
85
## Footnote
**INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE (ICP)**
**ICP is the ----------------------------------------- determined by**
**1. -------------------- of blood,**
**2. ----------------------- tissue,**
**3. ------------------ fluid (CSF)**
**Pressure within the skull,**
**1. Volume of blood,**
**2. Brain tissue,**
**3. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)**
86
**Brain Layers are :**
**1. -------------------------**
**2.--------------------------**
**3. --------------------------**
**4. ---------------------------**
**5. ----------------------------**
**see the Diagram**
## Footnote
**1. Cranium**
**2. Dura mater**
**3. Arachnoid**
**4. Subarachnoid**
**5. Pia mater**
87
**Increased intracranial pressure is a common pathway for----------------- injury
Excessive intracranial brain pressure can:**
**1. Obstruct-----------------------,**
**2. Destroy -------------------------**
**3.------------- brain tissues, etc.**
**Brain**
**1. Cerebral blood flow**
**2. Destroy brain cells**
**3. Displace brain tissue**
88
**ICP {Intracranial Pressure}**
**Cranial cavity contains -----------------, -------------------, -----------------------within the rigid confines of nonexpendable skull**
**1. blood,**
**2. brain tissue**
**3. CSF**
89
**ICP {Intracranial Pressure}**
**Each of these volumes, in the cranial cavity , contributes to ICP, which is normally maintained between ------------------------------- when measured in the -------------------------**
**0 to 15mmHg**
**Lateral ventricles**
90
**ICP {Intracranial Pressure}**
**The volumes can vary slightly without causing marked**
**changes in ICP, because other areas can compensate –**
**(known as-------------------------------------------------------------)**
**The Monro-Kellie Hypothesis**
91
## Footnote
**ICP {Intracranial Pressure}**
**Initial increases in ICP are largely buffered by**
**translocation of-------------------- to the spinal --------------------------space and**
**increased ---------------------------- of CSF**
## Footnote
**CSF**
**subarachnoid**
**Reabsorption**
92
## Footnote
**ICP {Intracranial Pressure}**
**As the volume buffering capacity becomes exhausted,**
**venous pressure --------------------------- and**
**cerebral blood volume**
**and ICP -------------------**
**Increases**
**Rise**
93
**ICP {Intracranial Pressure}**
**ICP represents the pressure exerted by the incompressible tissue and fluid**
**volumes of the three compartments**
**contained in the skull:**
**1. --------------- ----------------- and ----------------- ----------- (80%),**
**2. ----------(10%)**
**3. --------- (10%).**
**1. Brain tissue and Interstitial fluid (80%),**
**2. Blood (10%)**
**3. CSF (10%).**
94
**ICP {Intracranial Pressure } S/S**
**Early signss arise from pressure on the**
**------------------ and------------------- and**
**---------------------- to the sensitive cortical neurons**
**brainstem**
**meninges**
**hypoxia**
95
## Footnote
**Early signs of increased ICP arise from pressure on the brainstem and meninges, and hypoxia to the sensitive cortical neurons:**
**1) A -----------------------------------------------------results from pressure on the RAS (Reticular Activating System) which results in decreased responsiveness or arousal, and hypoxia of cortical neurons which results in altered cognition**
**2) -------------------------------------due to stretch on the dura mater and blood vessels**
**3) ------------------------------due to pressure on the emetic centre**
**4) Affected ----------------caused by papilledema - results in strangulation of the retinal veins and arteries andoptic nerve**
## Footnote
**1. decreased level of consciousness**
**2. Severe headache**
**3. Vomiting**
**4. Vision**
96
**As ICP continues to increase brain ------------------ is detected by the cardiovascular control centre in the ----------------**
## Footnote
**Ischemia**
**Medulla**
97
**As ICP continues to increase brain ischemia is detected by the cardiovascular control centre in the medulla. This causes powerful efferent signals from the vasomotor area resulting in systemic vasoconstriction, leading to:**
**1. --------------------------------------------– in an attempt to perfuse the brain,**
**(known as ------------------------------------)**
**2. ---------------------------– due to the elevated blood pressure**
**(known as --------------------------------------)**
**3. -----------------------------------------Rate & -------------------------------- respirations**
**(periodic breathing or apnea alternating with increasing then decreased tidal volume) – due to impaired function of the ---------------------------- centre in the pons**
1. **Elevated blood pressure,**
## Footnote
**(Cushing’s reflex)**
**2. Bradycardia**
**(Baroreceptor reflex)**
**3. Decreased Respiratory**
**Cheyne-Stokes**
**pneumotaxic**
98
**{ICP:Intracranial Pressure}**
**The exact mechanism for declining respiration in increased ICP is -----------------------------; however, it may be caused by increased sensitivity to--------------------------**
**Unknown**
**PCO2**
**note**
**PCO2 The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is the measure of carbon dioxide within arterial or venous blood. It often serves as a marker of sufficient alveolar ventilation within the lungs.**
99
**SPINAL CORD INJURIES**
**The spinal cord extends caudally from the --------------- at the foramen magnum and terminates at the upper -----------------vertebrae (L1-L2),**
**where it forms the conus ------------------**
**medulla**
**lumbar**
**medullaris**
100
**SPINAL CORD INJURIES**
**In the lumbosacral region, nerve roots from lower**
**cord segments descend within the spinal column,**
**forming the --------- ------------**
**cauda equina**
101
**SPINAL CORD INJURIES**
**Neurologic dysfunction due to spinal cord disorders occurs**
**at the involved --------- -----------------segment and at all segments ------------ it**
**spinal cord**
**below**
102
**Spinal cord injuries are LMNLs**
**which means ?**
**crainal or spinal motor nuclei, or peripheral nerves**
103
**SPINAL CORD INJURIES**
**Primarily a disorder of young adults, ------------- of**
**cases occurring between ages of 16-30 years old**
**56%**
104
**Spinal Cord Injuries**
**The most common cause of SCI is**
**------------- ------------- crashes, followed by**
-----------------**,**
-------------------- **(primarily gunshot wounds),**
**and ----------------------- sporting activities**
**motor vehicle**
**falls**
**violence**
**recreational**
105
**Spinal Cord Injury**
**Breathing: Depends on a ventilator for breathing.**
**Communication: Talking is sometimes difficult, very limited or impossible**
**Locaion of Injury is**
**--------- to --------------**
**C1 -C3**
106
**Spinal Cord Injury**
**Usually has head and neck control.**
**Individuals at C4 level may**
**shrug their shoulders.**
**Breathing: May initially require a ventilator for breathing,**
**usually adjust to breathing full-time without assistance.**
**Communication: Normal**
**The injury would in the area of**
**----------- to -----------**
**C3-C4**
107
**Spinal cord injury**
**Typically has**
**head and neck control, can**
**shrug shoulder and has**
**shoulder control.**
**Can bend his/her elbows and**
**turn palms face up.**
**Daily tasks: Independence with eating, drinking, face shaving/washing,**
**brushing teeth**
**The location of the spinal cord would be ----------------**
**C5**
108
## Footnote
**Spinal Cord injury**
**Has movement in head, neck shoulders, arms and wrists.**
**Can shrug shoulders, bend elbows, turn palms up and down**
**and extend wrists**
**The location would on the spinal cord would be ------------**
**C6-C7**
109
**Spinal Cord injury**
**Added strength & precision of fingers resulting in**
**limited hand function.**
**Daily tasks: Can live independently without assistive devices in**
**feeding, bathing, grooming, oral and facial hygiene, dressing, bladder**
**management and bowel management**
**The area of the spinal cord would be -------**
**C8**
110
## Footnote
**Spinal Cord injury**
**Has normal motor function in head, neck,**
**shoulders, arms, hands/fingers, greater use of rib/chest**
**muscle**
**The area of the spinal cord would be -------to ------------**
## Footnote
**T1- T6**
111
**Spinal Cord injury**
Added motor function from increased abdominal control.
Daily tasks: Able to perform unsupported seated activities
**The area of the spinal cord would be ----------to ------------**
**T 7 - L1**
112
**Spinal Cord injury**
**Has additional return of motor movement in the hips and knees.**
**Mobility: Walking can be a viable function,**
**with the help of specialized leg and ankle braces**
**The area of the spinal cord would be ----------to ------------**
**L2 - L5**
113
**Spinal Cord injury**
**Various degrees of return of**
**voluntary bladder,**
**bowel and sexual functions.**
**Mobility: Increased ability to walk with fewer or no supportive devices**
**The area of the spinal cord would be ----------to ------------**
**S1 -S5**
114
**SPINAL/NEUROGENIC SHOCK**
**it is Caused by severe injury to a ---------- or -------- -------------
(Trauma)**
**nerve or spinal cord**
115
**SPINAL/NEUROGENIC SHOCK**
**Results in sudden loss of -------------- --and Motor Reflexes**
**--------------- the level of injury**
**autonomic**
**below**
116
**SPINAL/NEUROGENIC SHOCK**
**Is it Rare ?**
**T/F**
**True**
117
**SPINAL/NEUROGENIC SHOCK**
**Leads to ------------------------------ and ------------------------ (due to lack of stimulation by SNS)**
## Footnote
**vasodilation**
**hypotension**
118
**SPINAL/NEUROGENIC SHOCK**
**Signs and Symptoms**
------------------------- **(due to loss of cardiac nerve fibers from SNS)**
**Warm, dry skin Clear sweat line with -------------------(excessive sweating)**
-------------------- **(persistent, painful erection due to PNS stimulation)**
**Bradycardia**
**Diaphoresis**
**Priapism**
119
## Footnote
**What are the diagnostic tests for neurologic damage ?**
**1. Computed --------------------**
**2. Magnetic ---------------------**
**3. Cerebral ----------------------**
**4. Doppler ------------------------**
**5. Electro--------------------------**
**6. Lumbar -----------------------**
**1. Computed Tomography (CT)
2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
3 .Cerebral Angiography
4 .Doppler Ultrasound leads tpp Carotid & Intercerebral vessels
5. Electroencephalography (EEG)
6 Lumbar puncture leads to pressure & CSF**
120
**CRANIAL NERVES**
**------------- Olfactory \> smell**
**The cranial nerve is**
**CN1**
121
## Footnote
**CRANIAL NERVES**
**Optic leads to visual acuity**
**(Snellen chart), visual field, pupillary light reflex**
**The cranial nerve is ------------------**
## Footnote
**CN II**
122
**CRANIAL NERVES**
**Oculomotor, Trochlear,**
**Abducens leads to extraocular movements (“H pattern”)**
**The cranial nerves are ------------------**
**CN III, IV, VI** (3, 4, 6)
Hint (Eye movement nerves)
123
## Footnote
**CRANIAL NERVES**
**Trigeminal leads to light touch (face),
muscles of mastication, corneal reflex**
**The cranial nerve is ------------------**
**CN V (5)**
124
**CRANIAL NERVES**
**Facial leads to facial expressions,**
**The cranial nerve is ------------------**
**CN VII (7)**
125
126
**CRANIAL NERVES**
**Vestibulococchlear leads to hearing, balance (whisper, Rinne & Weber tests)**
**The cranial nerve is ------------------**
**CN VIII (8)**
127
## Footnote
**CRANIAL NERVES**
**Glossopharyngeal, Vagus leads to
Gag reflex, uvula (“Ahhhh”)**
**The cranial nerve is ------------------**
**CN IX, X (9,10)**
128
**CRANIAL NERVES**
**Accessory leads to traps & SCM (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle)**
**The cranial nerve is ------------------**
**CN XI (11)**
129
**CRANIAL NERVES**
Hypoglossal leads to tongue symmetry
**The cranial nerve is ------------------**
**CN XII (12)**
130
## Footnote
**Quadriplegia (quad means four).**
**This involves loss of movement and sensation in all four limbs (arms and legs). It usually occurs as a result of injury at ------------or above. Quadriplegia also affects the chest muscles and injuries at -----------or above require a mechanical breathing machine (ventilator).**
## Footnote
**T1**
**C4**
131
**Paraplegia (para means two like parts).**
**This involves loss of movement and sensation in the lower half of the body (right and left legs). It usually occurs as a result of injuries at**
------------------------------
**T1 or below.**
