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Pathology 101 Seneca College > Neurological Disorders > Flashcards

Neurological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the Cerebral Cortex ?

A

1. Movement

2. Thought and Personality

3. Language

4. Vision

5. Hearing

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2
Q

Neurologic Damage May affect the following :

1. Level of —————————-

2. Motor —————–

3. ————– Function

4. V———————–

5. L————–

A

1. Level of Consciousness

2. Motor Function

3. Sensory Function

4. Vision

5. Language

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3
Q

It is a state of unconsciousness and it last more than 6 hours,

It is known as ——————

A

COMA

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4
Q

Described as “comatose” state

Fill in the the blank

  1. When Person cannot be ———————-,
  2. Does not respond to normally painful ————–, light or sound
  3. ——————— from which a person cannot be aroused
  4. Eyes remain————-
  5. ———–normal sleep-wake cycle
  6. Does not initiate any ————— actions
A
  1. ​Awakened (When Person cannot be)
  2. Stimuli (Does not respond to normally painful ————–, light or sound)
  3. Unresponsiveness (——————— from which a person cannot be aroused)
  4. Closed (Eyes remain————-)
  5. Lack (———–normal sleep-wake cycle)
  6. Voluntary ( Does not initiate any ————— actions)
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5
Q

According to the GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale),

a person with —————–is considered

to be in the mildest form of Coma

A

Confusion

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6
Q

Coma may result from a variety of conditions:

1. drug/alcohol intoxication

2. N————————

3. D————————

4. H———————–

5. Head ———-, etc.

A

2. neurological

3. deficits

4. hypoglycemia

5. head trauma, etc.

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7
Q

—————————– was developed to quickly assess a patient’s neurological status

A

Glascow Coma Scale

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8
Q

Glascow Coma Scale determines the best

1. ——————-response,

2.——————-response,

3.———————-response

A

1. Eye response,

2. Verbal response,

3. Motor response

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9
Q

Generally, brain injury is classified under the Glasgow Coma Scale as:

Severe = ——————

—————— = —————

—————— = ————–

A

Severe = GCS ≤ 8

Moderate = GCS 9 – 12

Minor/Mild = GCS ≥ 13.

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10
Q

There are 4 clues to the cause of a coma

1. ———————– patterns

2 .Level of —————–

3. ————— responses

3. ——————— light response and eye movement

A

1. Respiration patterns

2 .Level of arousal

3. Motor responses

3. Pupillary light response and eye movement

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11
Q

What are the 3 coma respiration responses ?

A

1. Forebrain

2. Midbrian

3.Medulla

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12
Q

The Coma Respiration Responsses occur in the follwing areas of the brain as one of which:

————————- Diffuse forebrain impairment without brain stem injury induces a

pattern of —————————- and————–with progression to ————————————

A

Forebrain

Yawning

Sighing

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing

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13
Q

The Coma Respiration Responsses occur in the follwing areas of the brain as one of which:

—————— is when progression of coma continues to ———————- respiration changes to—————————————————— leads to Frequency of respirations may exceed 40 breathes per minute, because of uninhibited stimulation of ——————————————————————-

A

Midbrain

Midbrain

Neurogenic hyperventilation

Inspiratory and expiratory centers

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14
Q

The Coma Respiration Responsses occur in the follwing areas of the brain as one of which:

With medullary involvement respirations are————— that leads totally uncoordinated and irregular; It generally indicates a poor ———————-, and usually

progresses to complete——————–

A

Ataxic ( means: a=without, taxic=coordination)

prognosis

apnea

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15
Q

Under the Coma Arousal & Motor Response

———————————————————results from increased muscle excitability; characterized by **rigidity of the arms with palms and hands turned away from the body and stiffly ————legs with plantar ————of the feet; back is arched backwards leads to damage to——————-

A

Decerebrate (extensor) Posture

Extended

Flexion

Midbrain

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16
Q

Under COMA Arousal & Motor Response

——————————————characterized by —————of the arms, wrists and fingers with —————————-of the upper extremities, —————– rotation and plantar —————- of the lower extremities that lead to damage to —————————- tract(s)

A

Decorticate (flexion) Posture

Flexion​

Adduction

Internal rotation

Flexion

corticospinal

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17
Q

Under COMA Arousal & Motor Response

Both decorticate and ——————posturing are poor prognostic signs

A

Decerebrate

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18
Q

————————–elicited by shining a light in one eye

A

Pupillary reflex

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19
Q

Under Coma Pupillary Reflexes

In ———-injury, pupils may initially respond briskly to ——————, but they become unreactive and dilated as brain function

A

Brain

Light

Deteriorates

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20
Q

Under Coma Pupillary Reflexes

A bilateral loss of light response is indicative of ———————-of brain——————

A

Lesions

Brain Stem

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21
Q

Under the Coma Pupillary Reflexes

A unilateral loss of ———————- response may be due to a ———— of

the optic or ————– pathways

A

Pupillary light

Lesion

Oculomotor

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22
Q

Under Come Eye movement

In persons with diffuse ————- injury, the eyes often

move aimlessly or do not move spontaneously

A

Brain

Eyes

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23
Q

Under Come Eye movement

The —————————–can be used to determine if the brainstem centers for eye movement are intact.

A

Doll’s head response

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24
Q

—————————————

consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.

A

Brain Stem

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25
Q

————————— serves a critical role in regulating

certain involuntary actions of the body,

including heartbeat and breathing.

A

Brainstem

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26
Q

———————–reflex (normal) if eyelids are held

open, eyes will move in direction opposite of passive

neck movement and then rapidly return to mid-position

A

Oculocephalic

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27
Q

———————— response (abnormal) = loss of Oculocephalic reflex

The ——————response demonstrates the always

present ————————static reflexes

Hint “Barbie Doll”

A

Doll’s head

Doll’s head

Vestibular

note :

The vestibular system includes the parts of the inner ear and brain that help control balance and eye movements. If the system is damaged by disease, aging, or injury, vestibular disorders can result, and are often associated with one or more of these symptoms, among others: – Dizziness. – Imbalance. – Vertigo.

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28
Q

The vestibular system includes the parts of the inner ear and brain that help control balance and eye movements. If the system is damaged by disease, aging, or injury, vestibular disorders can result, and are often associated with one or more of these symptoms, among others: – Dizziness. – Imbalance. – Vertigo.

True / False

A

True

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29
Q

Severe damage to ————————–or to the ———————– rostral to the pons

leads the eyes stay in midposition (fixed) or turn to the same side.

(Ie. Doll’s head response)

hint: Rostral refers to the anterior (front) aspect of the head

A

Forebrain

Brainstem

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30
Q

Most persons in prolonged coma who survive evolve to

what is called: ———————————————————-

A

Persistant Vegetative State

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31
Q

This is characterized by loss of all ————————functions and awareness of surroundings

(even though they seem like they are aware)

Under —————————————-

A

Cognitive

Persistant Vegetative State

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32
Q

Reflex and vegetative functions remain, including

————- and ————-cycles, Persons must be fed and require full nursing care.

This occurs under ————————————————-

A

Wake

Sleep

Persistent Vegetative State

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33
Q

Under the Vegetative Persistant State

The cerebrum, can no longer function,

but the———————-and ————————–, which control sleep

cycles, body temperature, breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate, *can function

A

Thalamus and Brainstem

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34
Q

If a —————————— lasts for more than a few months,

people are unlikely to recover consciousness

A

Vegetative State

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35
Q

This condition is the most severe form of

unconsciousness is called ———————————-

A

BRAIN DEATH

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36
Q

—————————–is the absence of clinical brain function

when the proximate cause is known and irreversible

A

Brain Death

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37
Q

The brain has permanently lost the ability to perform all

vital functions, including breathing. Surviving only via a ventilator (life support)

It is called ——————————-

A

BRAIN DEATH

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38
Q

A ——————–dead person is considered legally dead

A

Brain

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39
Q

The person does not grimace, move, or otherwise react in response to any type of stimulation.

The eyes do not react to light.

All reflexes are absent.

The person makes no attempt to breathe

It is called ————————————–

A

BRAIN DEATH

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40
Q

The ——————————————–originate in the cerebral cortex and travel down to the

brain stem or spinal cord,

A

Upper Motor Neuron

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41
Q

—————————————- begin in the spinal cord and go on to innervate muscles and glands throughout the body.

A

Lower Motor Neurons

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42
Q

Damage to posterior zone of frontal lobe———————————OR damage to

—————————————–Tract in brain (above medulla)

A

(Primary Motor Cortex)

Corticospinal

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43
Q

​The ——————————- is a white matter motor pathway starting at the cerebral cortex that terminates on lower motor neurons and interneurons in the spinal cord, controlling movements of the limbs and trunk.

A

Corticospinal Tract

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44
Q

—————————–(opposite side)

weakness(————————)

and/or paralysis (below ————————-)

A

CONTRALATERAL

Paresis

Medulla

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45
Q

Increased muscle tone and reflexes that leads to

A

Hyperreflexia

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46
Q

————————— leads to Spastic Paralysis & Immobility

note : Spastic means muscle spasm

A

Contractures

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47
Q

One of the diagnostic test for motor fiunction for the upper motor neuron lesion is ——————————————–

A

Babinksi’s sign

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48
Q

Damage to anterior/ventral (motor) horns of spinal cord

(ie. Corticospinal tracts below medulla),

it is affecting the ————————————————-

A

Lower motor neuron lesion

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49
Q

————————(same side) weakness and/or

paralysis at and below level of damage

A

IPSILATERAL

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50
Q

Under lower motor neuron lesion

Loss of muscle tone is called ———————-

A

Flaccid

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51
Q

Under lower motor neuron lesion

Absence of reflexes leads to ———flexia/————-reflexia

& —————– paralysis

A

Areflexia/Hyporeflexia

Flaccid

note

<strong><u>Areflexia</u> is a condition in which your muscles don’t respond to stimuli.</strong>

<strong><u>Hyporeflexia </u>refers to a condition in which your muscles are less responsive to stimuli</strong>

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52
Q

Under lower motor neuron lesion

one of the Diagnostic testing is through—————————

A

Normal plantar reflex

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53
Q

Under motor function of the corticspinal tract

Due to the crossover of the Corticospinal tract in

the medulla, Upper Motor Neuron

Lesions will lead to————————————- effects

A

CONTRALATERAL

54
Q

Under motor function of the corticspinal tract

Lower Motor Neuron Lesions will lead to ———————– effects

A

IPSILATERAL

55
Q

Under Sensory Function

Somatosensory cortex (————————- lobe)

A

Parietal

56
Q

Under Sensory function

Spinothalamic Tract leads to —————–, ———————,

crude touch which leads to ———————— effect

A

Pain

Temperature

CONTRALATERAL

57
Q

Under Sensory function

———————- Column

Leasds to Fine touch, vibration,

proprioception (position sense) which leads to

———————————- effect

A

Dorsal

IPSILATERAL

58
Q

Under Sensory function

Damage can involve

touch, pain, temperature,

a position sense, ————, hearing,

taste, and—————-.

A

vision

smell

59
Q

Impulses travel up (to the brain) or down (from the brain) to the spinal cord through distinct pathways called———————

Each———————- carries a different type of nerve signal either going to or from the ————————-

A

Tracts

Tract

Brain

60
Q

————————————– signals about pain, temperature and crude touch, receivedby the sensory horn, travel through this tract to the brain

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract

61
Q

———————————-signals about the position of the arms and legs (proprioception), fine touch, and vibration, received by the sensory horn, travel through these tracts to the brain

A

Dorsal Columns

62
Q

—————————————signals to move a muscle (motor) travel from the brain through these tracts to the motor horn, which routes them to the muscle

A

Corticospinal Tracts

63
Q

Under Spinal Cord Tracts

———————————transmits information to the thalamus about pain, temperature, and crude touch Unilateral lesion usually causes ——————————————————-anaesthesia (loss of pain and temperature)

A

Spinothalamic Tract

CONTRALATERAL

64
Q

Under Spinal Cord Tracts

————————————is the sensory pathway responsible for transmitting fine touch, vibration and conscious proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebralcortex called Lesions in this pathway can diminish or completely abolish tactile sensations and movement or position sense below the lesion on the ———————– side

A

Dorsal Column

IPSILATERAL

65
Q

Under Spinal Cord Tracts

————————– medulla which leads to Control the movement of ——————————–limbs

—————-medulla which leads to control movement of ———————-limbs

A

Above

Contralateral

Below

Ipsilateral

66
Q

Neurologic Damage

Damage to Optic Chiasm Leads to complete ———– loss in both eyes

A

Vision

67
Q

Neurologic Vision Damage

Damage to unilateral occipital lobe leads to loss of

——————————visual field in both eyes

A

contralateral

68
Q

Neurological Vision Damage

can lead to

1.————————–

2. Homonymous ————————

3 . —————————

A

1. Blindness

2. Homonymous Hemianopsia

Homonymous hemianopsia is a condition in which a person sees only one side―right or left―of the visual world of each eye

3 .Diplopia

Diplopia is the perception of 2 images of a single object.

69
Q

Under Neurologic Damage Vision

Loss of Left Visual Field caused by Damage

to ———————– or Right Optic —————————-–

which is called the Left Homonymous —————————-

A

Occipital

Tract

Homonymous Hemianopsis

70
Q

NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LANGUAGE

The inability to comprehed and/or express language

is called ————————————-

A

Aphasia

71
Q

NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LANGUAGE

Difficulty with comprehendingand/or expressing language

is called ———————

A

Dyphasia

72
Q

NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LANGUAGE

Expressive (motor) aphasia = impaired ability

to speak or write fluently leads to ———————-

A

Broca’s area

73
Q

NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LANGUAGE

Receptive (sensory) aphasia = impaired

ability to read or understand language that leads ———————-

A

Wernicke’s area

74
Q

NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LANGUAGE

Global aphasia = combination of expressive

and receptive leads to ————————————-

A

Broca & Wernicke’s areas

75
Q

Neurologic Damage:

to the Left Hemispshere leads to

  • *1. Logical thinking
    2. Analytical skills**

3. Communication skills (Broca & Wernicke)

A

  • *1. Logical thinking
    2. Analytical skills**

3. Communication skills (Broca & Wernicke)

76
Q

Neurologic Damage:

to the Right Hemispshere leads to

  • *1. —————————-
    2. —————————-**

3. —————————–

4. —————————–

A

1. Music and art appreciation

  • *2. Behavioural skills
    3. Spatial orientation
    4. Relationship patterns**

ie. Mobility and recognition of contralateral side leads hemineglect

77
Q

NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: To the Frontal lobe leads to

—————————————- foot or leg, impaired ——————, ——————-of contralateral arm,———————–loss over toes, foot and leg

Easily distracted, slowness of thought

————————–incontinence, cognitive and affective disorders

A

Paralysis of contralateral

Gait

Paresis

Contralateral sensory

Urinary

78
Q

NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LOBES

Frontal Lobe is related to —————-, ————————- , ————————-

Paralysis of contralateral foot or leg, impaired gait, paresis of contralateral arm, contralateral sensory loss over toes, foot and leg

Easily distracted, slowness of thought

Urinary incontinence, cognitive and affective disorders

A

motor, sensory, cognition

79
Q

NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LOBES

Middle cerebrum is related to ——————–, ——————-, ——————

A

Sensory

Language

Hearing

80
Q

NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LOBES

Massive infarction of most of lateral hemisphere

can leads to

Contralateral ——————— (face and arm),

—————————– Contralateral ,

————————————,

————————————-,

Inability to turn eyes towards

A

Hemiplegia

Sensory impairment

Aphasia

Altered consciousness

Paralyzed side

81
Q

NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LOBES

Middle cerebrum which relstes to ————–, ————–, ————–

A

sensory, language, hearing

82
Q

NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LOBES

Massive infarction of most of lateral hemisphere can cause

Contralateral hemiplegia (face and arm),

Contralateral —————impairment,

——————,

Altered ———————–,

Inability to turn————— towards paralyzed side

A

Hemiplegia

Sensory

Aphasia

Consciousness

Eyes

83
Q

NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LOBES

Posterior cerebrum

Occipital lobe relates ——————, ———————-

A

vision, memory

84
Q

NEUROLOGIC DAMAGE: LOBES

Posterior cerebrum can cause the following

——————————————————————(is a visual field defect involving either the two right or the two left halves of the visual fields of both eyes), other visual defects such as

——————————————————,———————————————

A

Homonymous hemianopsia color blindness,

loss of central vision
Memory deficits

85
Q

INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE (ICP)

ICP is the —————————————– determined by

1. ——————– of blood,

2. ———————– tissue,

3. —————— fluid (CSF)

A

Pressure within the skull,

1. Volume of blood,

2. Brain tissue,

3. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

86
Q

Brain Layers are :

1. ————————-

2.————————–

3. ————————–

4. —————————

5. —————————-

see the Diagram

A

1. Cranium

2. Dura mater

3. Arachnoid

4. Subarachnoid

5. Pia mater

87
Q

Increased intracranial pressure is a common pathway for—————– injury
Excessive intracranial brain pressure can:

1. Obstruct———————–,

2. Destroy ————————-

3.————- brain tissues, etc.

A

Brain

1. Cerebral blood flow

2. Destroy brain cells

3. Displace brain tissue

88
Q

ICP {Intracranial Pressure}

Cranial cavity contains —————–, ——————-, ———————–within the rigid confines of nonexpendable skull

A

1. blood,

2. brain tissue

3. CSF

89
Q

ICP {Intracranial Pressure}

Each of these volumes, in the cranial cavity , contributes to ICP, which is normally maintained between ——————————- when measured in the ————————-

A

0 to 15mmHg

Lateral ventricles

90
Q

ICP {Intracranial Pressure}

The volumes can vary slightly without causing marked

changes in ICP, because other areas can compensate –

(known as————————————————————-)

A

The Monro-Kellie Hypothesis

91
Q

ICP {Intracranial Pressure}

Initial increases in ICP are largely buffered by

translocation of——————– to the spinal ————————–space and

increased —————————- of CSF

A

CSF

subarachnoid

Reabsorption

92
Q

ICP {Intracranial Pressure}

As the volume buffering capacity becomes exhausted,

venous pressure ————————— and

cerebral blood volume

and ICP ——————-

A

Increases

Rise

93
Q

ICP {Intracranial Pressure}

ICP represents the pressure exerted by the incompressible tissue and fluid

volumes of the three compartments

contained in the skull:

1. ————— —————– and —————– ———– (80%),

2. ———-(10%)

3. ——— (10%).

A

1. Brain tissue and Interstitial fluid (80%),

2. Blood (10%)

3. CSF (10%).

94
Q

ICP {Intracranial Pressure } S/S

Early signss arise from pressure on the

—————— and——————- and

———————- to the sensitive cortical neurons

A

brainstem

meninges

hypoxia

95
Q

Early signs of increased ICP arise from pressure on the brainstem and meninges, and hypoxia to the sensitive cortical neurons:

1) A —————————————————–results from pressure on the RAS (Reticular Activating System) which results in decreased responsiveness or arousal, and hypoxia of cortical neurons which results in altered cognition

2) ————————————-due to stretch on the dura mater and blood vessels

3) ——————————due to pressure on the emetic centre

4) Affected —————-caused by papilledema - results in strangulation of the retinal veins and arteries andoptic nerve

A

1. decreased level of consciousness

2. Severe headache

3. Vomiting

4. Vision

96
Q

As ICP continues to increase brain —————— is detected by the cardiovascular control centre in the —————-

A

Ischemia

Medulla

97
Q

As ICP continues to increase brain ischemia is detected by the cardiovascular control centre in the medulla. This causes powerful efferent signals from the vasomotor area resulting in systemic vasoconstriction, leading to:

1. ——————————————–– in an attempt to perfuse the brain,

(known as ————————————)

2. —————————– due to the elevated blood pressure

(known as ————————————–)

3. —————————————–Rate & ——————————– respirations

(periodic breathing or apnea alternating with increasing then decreased tidal volume) – due to impaired function of the —————————- centre in the pons

A
  1. Elevated blood pressure,

(Cushing’s reflex)

2. Bradycardia

(Baroreceptor reflex)

3. Decreased Respiratory

Cheyne-Stokes

pneumotaxic

98
Q

{ICP:Intracranial Pressure}

The exact mechanism for declining respiration in increased ICP is —————————–; however, it may be caused by increased sensitivity to————————–

A

Unknown

PCO2​

note

PCO2 The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is the measure of carbon dioxide within arterial or venous blood. It often serves as a marker of sufficient alveolar ventilation within the lungs.

99
Q

SPINAL CORD INJURIES

The spinal cord extends caudally from the ————— at the foramen magnum and terminates at the upper —————–vertebrae (L1-L2),

where it forms the conus ——————

A

medulla

lumbar

medullaris

100
Q

SPINAL CORD INJURIES

In the lumbosacral region, nerve roots from lower

cord segments descend within the spinal column,

forming the ——— ————

A

cauda equina

101
Q

SPINAL CORD INJURIES

Neurologic dysfunction due to spinal cord disorders occurs

at the involved ——— —————–segment and at all segments ———— it

A

spinal cord

below

102
Q

Spinal cord injuries are LMNLs

which means ?

A

crainal or spinal motor nuclei, or peripheral nerves

103
Q

SPINAL CORD INJURIES

Primarily a disorder of young adults, ————- of

cases occurring between ages of 16-30 years old

A

56%

104
Q

Spinal Cord Injuries

The most common cause of SCI is

————- ————- crashes, followed by

—————–,

——————– (primarily gunshot wounds),

and ———————– sporting activities

A

motor vehicle

falls

violence

recreational

105
Q

Spinal Cord Injury

Breathing: Depends on a ventilator for breathing.

Communication: Talking is sometimes difficult, very limited or impossible

Locaion of Injury is

——— to ————–

A

C1 -C3

106
Q

Spinal Cord Injury

Usually has head and neck control.

Individuals at C4 level may

shrug their shoulders.

Breathing: May initially require a ventilator for breathing,

usually adjust to breathing full-time without assistance.

Communication: Normal

The injury would in the area of

———– to ———–

A

C3-C4

107
Q

Spinal cord injury

Typically has

head and neck control, can

shrug shoulder and has

shoulder control.

Can bend his/her elbows and

turn palms face up.

Daily tasks: Independence with eating, drinking, face shaving/washing,

brushing teeth

The location of the spinal cord would be —————-

A

C5

108
Q

Spinal Cord injury

Has movement in head, neck shoulders, arms and wrists.

Can shrug shoulders, bend elbows, turn palms up and down

and extend wrists

The location would on the spinal cord would be ————

A

C6-C7

109
Q

Spinal Cord injury

Added strength & precision of fingers resulting in

limited hand function.

Daily tasks: Can live independently without assistive devices in

feeding, bathing, grooming, oral and facial hygiene, dressing, bladder

management and bowel management

The area of the spinal cord would be ——-

A

C8

110
Q

Spinal Cord injury

Has normal motor function in head, neck,

shoulders, arms, hands/fingers, greater use of rib/chest

muscle

The area of the spinal cord would be ——-to ————

A

T1- T6

111
Q

Spinal Cord injury

Added motor function from increased abdominal control.

Daily tasks: Able to perform unsupported seated activities

The area of the spinal cord would be ———-to ————

A

T 7 - L1

112
Q

Spinal Cord injury

Has additional return of motor movement in the hips and knees.

Mobility: Walking can be a viable function,

with the help of specialized leg and ankle braces

The area of the spinal cord would be ———-to ————

A

L2 - L5

113
Q

Spinal Cord injury

Various degrees of return of

voluntary bladder,

bowel and sexual functions.

Mobility: Increased ability to walk with fewer or no supportive devices

The area of the spinal cord would be ———-to ————

A

S1 -S5

114
Q

SPINAL/NEUROGENIC SHOCK

it is Caused by severe injury to a ———- or ——– ————-
(Trauma)

A

nerve or spinal cord

115
Q

SPINAL/NEUROGENIC SHOCK

Results in sudden loss of ————– –and Motor Reflexes

————— the level of injury

A

autonomic

below

116
Q

SPINAL/NEUROGENIC SHOCK

Is it Rare ?

T/F

A

True

117
Q

SPINAL/NEUROGENIC SHOCK

Leads to —————————— and ———————— (due to lack of stimulation by SNS)

A

vasodilation

hypotension

118
Q

SPINAL/NEUROGENIC SHOCK

Signs and Symptoms

————————- (due to loss of cardiac nerve fibers from SNS)

Warm, dry skin Clear sweat line with ——————-(excessive sweating)

——————– (persistent, painful erection due to PNS stimulation)

A

Bradycardia

Diaphoresis

Priapism

119
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for neurologic damage ?

1. Computed ——————–

2. Magnetic ———————

3. Cerebral ———————-

4. Doppler ————————

5. Electro————————–

6. Lumbar ———————–

A

1. Computed Tomography (CT)
2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
3 .Cerebral Angiography
4 .Doppler Ultrasound leads tpp Carotid & Intercerebral vessels
5. Electroencephalography (EEG)
6 Lumbar puncture leads to pressure & CSF

120
Q

CRANIAL NERVES

————- Olfactory > smell

The cranial nerve is

A

CN1

121
Q

CRANIAL NERVES

Optic leads to visual acuity

(Snellen chart), visual field, pupillary light reflex

The cranial nerve is ——————

A

CN II

122
Q

CRANIAL NERVES

Oculomotor, Trochlear,

Abducens leads to extraocular movements (“H pattern”)

The cranial nerves are ——————

A

CN III, IV, VI (3, 4, 6)

Hint (Eye movement nerves)

123
Q

CRANIAL NERVES

Trigeminal leads to light touch (face),
muscles of mastication, corneal reflex

The cranial nerve is ——————

A

CN V (5)

124
Q

CRANIAL NERVES

Facial leads to facial expressions,

The cranial nerve is ——————

A

CN VII (7)

125
Q
A
126
Q

CRANIAL NERVES

Vestibulococchlear leads to hearing, balance (whisper, Rinne & Weber tests)

The cranial nerve is ——————

A

CN VIII (8)

127
Q

CRANIAL NERVES

Glossopharyngeal, Vagus leads to
Gag reflex, uvula (“Ahhhh”)

The cranial nerve is ——————

A

CN IX, X (9,10)

128
Q

CRANIAL NERVES

Accessory leads to traps & SCM (Sternocleidomastoid Muscle)

The cranial nerve is ——————

A

CN XI (11)

129
Q

CRANIAL NERVES

Hypoglossal leads to tongue symmetry

The cranial nerve is ——————

A

CN XII (12)

130
Q

Quadriplegia (quad means four).

This involves loss of movement and sensation in all four limbs (arms and legs). It usually occurs as a result of injury at ————or above. Quadriplegia also affects the chest muscles and injuries at ———–or above require a mechanical breathing machine (ventilator).

A

T1

C4

131
Q

Paraplegia (para means two like parts).

This involves loss of movement and sensation in the lower half of the body (right and left legs). It usually occurs as a result of injuries at

A

T1 or below.

Pathology 101 Seneca College (2 decks)

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