Disease Process & Inflammation Flashcards
1
Q
What is Pathology ?
A
The study of DISEASE and the diagnosis of disease; pathos = suffering, feeling
2
Q
What is PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ?
A
The study of the functional CHANGES caused by disease;
3
Q
What is ETIOLOGY?
A
The study of causation; the CAUSE of disease/pathologies.
4
Q
What is MANIFESTATIONS?
A
Indications or REPRESENTATIONS of disease.
5
Q
What is COMPLICATIONS?
A
A SECONDARY disease, an accident, or a negativereaction occurring during the course of disease.
6
Q
What is the SIGNS ?
A
An OBJECTIVE finding of disease (determined by healthcare professional).
7
Q
What is SYMPTOMS?
A
A SUBJECTIVE finding of disease (determined by the patient).
8
Q
PATHOLOGY: Flu PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: (Changes) ETIOLOGY: Virus (Cause) MANIFESTATIONS: (Indications) COMPLICATIONS: (Secondary) SIGNS: Cough, ———–, Fever (Objective) SYMPTOMS: Headache, Sore ———–(Subjective)
A
PATHOLOGY: Flu PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Upper Respiratory Infection (Changes) ETIOLOGY: Influenza Virus (Cause) MANIFESTATIONS: High Fever (Indications) COMPLICATIONS: Pneumonia (Secondary) SIGNS: Cough, Sweating, Fever (Objective) SYMPTOMS: Headache, Sore Throat (Subjective)
9
Q
What is EPIDEMIOLOGY ?
A
The study of health-determinant PATTERNS in society.
10
Q
What is INCIDENCE? Measurement of the risk of
A
Measurement of the risk of developing a new condition in a given period of time; # of NEW CASES per population in a given period of time. Ie. How progressive a disease is.
11
Q
What is PREVALENCE ? Measurement of total number…….
A
PREVALENCE Measurement of total number of cases of a new condition in a population; # of TOTAL CASES in a population divided by # of individuals in population. Ie. How common a disease is.
12
Q
RISK The potential or ———— of developing a condition.
A
Chance
13
Q
MORTALITY is —-
A
DEATH which measures of the number of deaths in a population during an interval of time.
14
Q
MORBIDITY is ————-state
A
Morbidity is a diseased state which measures the amount of those in a diseased state in a population (often measured as incidence rate or prevalence rate).
15
Q
What is Tissue Perfusion ?
A
* Delivery of arterial blood to the capillary bed of a tissue (capillary à tissue) * Measured in millilitres of blood per 100g of tissue * Allows oxygenation of tissue * Necessary for maintenance of cells/tissue
16
Q
Decreased blood supply to a tissue and decreased tissue perfusion is called ?
A
(Ischemia)
17
Q
A. Results in to tissue decreased B. Oxygenation and can lead to——-
A
A. (Hypoxia) B. Infraction
18
Q
When blood is not properly delivered to the cells of the tissue, damage can occur to both the ——- and the surrounding ——————-
A
Cells and the surrounding interstitial fluid
19
Q
Insufficient blood flow to affected region: renal, ————–, —————, or gast——-
A
cardiac, cerebral, gastrointestinal
20
Q
malfunction of the Interstitial Fluid leads to
A
inflammatory response
21
Q
Cell ithat lacks O2 leaves to——-
A
Ischemia, infarction/necrosis
22
Q
Intravascular Fluid is——
A
The space contained within blood vessels. The main intravascular fluid is blood. That portion of the total body fluid contained within blood and lymphatic vessels.
23
Q
Interstitial fluid is —–?
A
Interstitial fluid is a thin layer of fluid which surrounds the body’s cells. Interstitial fluid has become useful in the monitoring of glucose levels in people with diabetes
24
Q
Interstitial fluid consists of———–?
A
Interstitial fluid consists of a water solvent containing sugars, salts, fatty acids, amino acids, coenzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, white blood cells and cell waste-products.
25
Intracellular fluid is the place-----------
Intracellular fluid is the place where most of the fluid in the body is contained. This fluid is located within the cell membrane and contains water, electrolytes and proteins. Potassium, magnesium, and phosphate are the three most common electrolytes in the ICF. It is the Fluid of Cytosol/Cytoplasm
26
What is Extracellular Fluid ?
27
TISSUE PERFUSION is Impaired due to the cause of ----------------------?
1, Changes in blood circulation,
2. Diabetes mellitus,
3. Hypertension,
4. Organ damage,
5. Obesity/compression
28
The local effects of the **TISSUE PERFUSION**
**edema (---------------------)**
**weakened pulse**
**--------------------- (especially in extremities)**
**damp/------------------**
**changes in ---------------------**
**Eg. Chronic ----------------------------**
**Edema (water retention)**
**weakened pulse**
**numbness (especially in extremities)**
**damp/cold skin**
**changes in temperature**
**Eg. Chronic Venous Insufficiency**
29
**SYSTEMIC EFFECTS**
**of**
**Tissue Perfusion**
**----------------: mood swings/irritability, confusion,**
**lethargy, altered speech, slower pupil reaction to light**
**---------------------------: low urine output, high blood pressure, proteinuria**
**-------------------------: nausea, abdominal pain**
**-------------------: chest pain, hypotension, changes in respiration**
**Cerebral: mood swings/irritability, confusion,**
**lethargy, altered speech, slower pupil**
**Reaction to light**
**Renal: low urine output, high blood pressure,**
**proteinuria**
**Gastrointestinal: nausea, abdominal pain**
**Cardiac: chest pain, hypotension, changes in**
**respiration**
30
**Compensation of the Tissues Perfusion Impaired**
**Alteration in arterial blood pressure (reninangiotensionpathway ------\> ------------ bp)**
**Vasodilation/vasoconstriction of blood vessels**
**Microvascular remodeling**
**Capillary --------------------**
**Alteration in blood ------------------- (increase fluidity via inflammatory mediators)**
**Cell ------------------- (cells commit suicide)**
## Footnote
**Alteration in arterial blood pressure (reninangiotensionpathway ------\> increased bp)**
**Vasodilation/vasoconstriction of blood vessels**
**Microvascular remodeling**
**Capillary recruitment**
**Alteration in blood viscosity (increase fluidity via inflammatory mediators)**
**Cell apoptosis (cells commit suicide)**
31
**ISCHEMIA:**
**--------------------- blood supply to a tissue**
**------------------------- tissue perfusion**
**Results in decreased oxygenation to tissue (-------------------)**
**Can lead to--------------------**
## Footnote
**ISCHEMIA:**
**Decreased blood supply to a tissue**
**Decreased tissue perfusion**
**Results in decreased oxygenation to tissue (Hypoxia)**
**Can lead to Infarction**
32
**Premature cell death (Necrosis) due to prolonged ischemia (lack of blood and oxygen to cell tissue) ?**
**INFARCTION**
33
**Inadequate oxygen supply to the cells and tissue**
**Prolonged hypoxia can lead to Cyanosis**
**HYPOXIA**
34
**“The blue disease”**
Blue colouration due to large amounts of
Deoxygenated hemoglobin (blood vessels become
Darker red -------\> appear blue through skin)
Most recognized on the lips (central) and
Extremities/fingernails (peripheral)
**CYANOSIS**
35
----------------------- **CARRIES OXYGEN**
**THROUGHOUT THE BODY**
**HEMOGLOBIN**
**Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs. If a hemoglobin test reveals that your hemoglobin level is lower than normal, it means you have a low red blood cell count (anemia)**
36
**Casues Of Systemic Hypoxia ?**
**---------------- exercise**
**High --------------------**
**Deep-sea---------------**
**Premature birth (lungs ---------------------)**
**----------------------- (due to respiratory arrest, opiates)**
**------------------ (collapsed alveoli, lung damage)**
**Pulmonary -------------**
**Ane----**
**--------------monoxide poisoning, ----------------------- poisoning**
**Casue Of Systemic Hypoxia**
**Strenuous exercise**
**High altitudes**
**Deep-sea diving**
**Premature birth (lungs not fully developed)**
**Hypoventilation (due to respiratory arrest, opiates)**
**Heart shunts (collapsed alveoli, lung damage)**
**Pulmonary embolism**
**Anemia**
**Carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide poisoning**
**Methemoglobinemia**
37
**HYPOXIA Effects – Mild S/S: Headache
Haadache**
* *Fever**
- -----------------
---------------------
---------------------------
**Shortness of breath (SOB)
Euphoria**
**Nausea**
38
**Severe Effects of Hypoxia**
**Loss of ---------------------
Seizures
---------------
---------------- (blue)
------------------- – if oxygen replaced by other toxin
Death**
**Loss of consciousness
Seizures
Coma
CYANOSIS (blue)
“cherry-red” – if oxygen replaced by other toxin
Death**
39
**Systemetic Compensation HYPOXIA**
**Most tissues --\> --------------------
allows increased tissue perfusion to that specific tissue**
**Lungs --------------------------!!
HPV –------------------------------------------------- -----\> redirect blood flow from poorly ventilated lung areas to well ventilated lung areas**
**---------------------------------------, --------------------------- (increase RBC’s), Acclimatization, etc.**
**Vasodilation**
**Vasconstriction**
**Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasconstriction**
**Hyperventilation, Polycythemia (increase RBC’s), Acclimatization, etc.**
40
**A non-specific reaction of the immune**
**system to a foreign invader is called**
**---------------------------------------------**
## Footnote
**INFLAMMATION**
41
**Typically a response of the vascular**
**tissue to a pathogen or harmful stimulus**
**(eg. vasodilation after laceration)**
**called ----------------------------------**
**INFLAMMATION**
42
**A protective response of the immune**
**system to eliminate pathogen/stimulus**
**and initiate the healing process**
**called-------------------------**
**INFLAMMATION**
43
**Inflammation the same as INFECTION**
**True or False**
FALSE
44
Acute Inflammation Period is ----------------
and it is called
**Rapid onset, Short-course;**
**0-72 hours**
45
## Footnote
**SUBACUTE Inflammation – stage in between acute &**
**chronic phase; 72hr-----------------------------**
**72 hrs -3 months**
46
**CHRONIC Inflammatiomn is called – ---------------------------------------**
**----------------------------------------------------------------------**
**CHRONIC Inflammatiomn is called – gradual onset, long-lasting,**
**recurring; \> 3 months (greater than months)**
47
**ACUTE INFLAMMATION**
**The initial, rapid natural response of the body**
**towards a------------, ---------------, or ------------------.**
**ACUTE INFLAMMATION**
**The initial, rapid natural response of the body**
**towards a _pathogen, toxin, or irritan_t.**
48
**Occurs in the first 48-72 hours of the body’s**
**interaction with pathogen (usually noticeable**
**within first few minutes or hours).**
**Acute inflammation**
49
**Infiltration of plasma cells and white blood**
**cells from the blood towards the pathogensite and injured tissues -----\> leads-------------------------------------------------**
**To an Acute Inflammatory Response (Acute-Phase Response)**
50
**In Acute-Phase Response
Tissues contain cells known as-----------------------and ------------------------(derived from ----------)**
**MACROPHAGES and MAST CELLS (derived from WBC’s in the blood)**
51
**At the onset of an infection, pathogen or injury, these**
**cells become ACTIVATED and release-----------------------------------**
**INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS (Cytokines,**
**Prostaglandins, Histamine, Bradykinin, etc).**
52
**The mediators also cause-----------------------------of the blood vessels -------\> leakage of plasma cells and fluid into tissue ---------\> ---------------------------------**
**In acute------------**
## Footnote
**INCREASED PERMEABILITY**
**SWELLING (Edema)**
**In acute-Phase Response**
53
**Some of the mediators ------------------------will also**
**INCREASE PAIN SENSITIVITY---------------------------**
**(Bradykinin)**
**(Hyperalgesia)**
54
**The mediators will also**
**cause movement (-------------------) of WBC’s**
**(mainly -------------------) to the site of injury to**
**eliminate the--------------------------------**
**INFILTRATION**
**Neutrophils**
**pathogen (via Phagocytosis)**
55
**This response requires constant stimulation -**
**inflammatory mediators------------------.**
**Therefore, as soon as the stimulus is**
**removed, -------------------------------------.**
**degrade quickly**
**acute inflammation stops**
56
**Acute Inflammation Prcoess in Action**
Acute Inflammation Prcoess in Action
57
**Acute inflammation Diagram**
**Acute inflammation Diagram**
58
**5 Cardinal Signs/Symptoms of Acute Inflammation**
**SIGNS (Objective):**
**HEAT (Calor)**
**SYMPTOMS (Subjective):**
**PAIN (Dolor)**
**SIGNS (Objective):**
* **REDNESS (Rubor)**
* **HEAT (Calor)**
* **SWELLING/EDEMA (Tumor)**
* **IMMOBILITY/LOSS OF FUNCTION**a
* *SYMPTOMS (Subjective):**
* **PAIN (Dolor)**
59
True or False
**The signs of acute inflammation(Pain, Heat, Redness, Swelling and loss of function) may only occur together when inflammation is on the surface (skin).**
**True**
**The signs of acute inflammation(Pain, Heat, Redness, Swelling and loss of function) may only occur together when inflammation is on the surface (skin).**
60
**True or False**
**Acute inflammation of an internal organ may result in all of these signs/symptoms.**
**(Pain, Heat, Redness, Swelling and loss of function)**
**False**
**Acute inflammation of an internal organ _may not_ result in all of these signs/symptoms.**
**(Pain, Heat, Redness, Swelling and loss of function)**
61
**Persistent, prolonged inflammation, typically**
**lasting longer than 3 months duration,**
**It is called ------------------------------------**
**Chronic Inflammation**
62
**It is Simultaneous destruction and healing of the**
**tissue from the inflammatory response , which refered to ------------------------------**
**It is Simultaneous _destruction_ and healing of the**
**tissue from the inflammatory response , which refered to Chronic Inflammation**
63
**Increase in the proportion of Inflammatory Mediators which promote the inflammatory response compared to those which eliminate the pathogen occured in the ---------------------**
**Increase in the proportion of Inflammatory _Mediators_ which promote the inflammatory response compared to those which eliminate the pathogen occured in the Chronic Inflammation**
64
**Chronic Inflammation can lead to the following :**
* **Tissue ---------------**
* **---------------- (Cell Death – eg. muscle loss in aging)**
* **---------------- (Scar Formation)**
* **---------------- ( Atherosclerosis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Hayfever, some forms of Cancer, Inflammatory Diseases, Autoimmune Disorders)**
Chronic inflammation lead to
* **Tissue _Damage_**
* **_Necrosis_ (Cell Death – eg. muscle loss in aging)**
* **_Fibrosis_ (Scar Formation)**
* **_Disease_ (. Atherosclerosis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Hayfever, some forms of Cancer, Inflammatory Diseases, Autoimmune Disorders)**
65
**_Chronic Cardiovascular Diseases Inflammation _**
**please breifely define the following :**
**Atherosclerosis ?**
**Cerebrovascular dis?**
**Cardiomyopathy ?**
**Stroke?**
**Cardiovascular Diseases :**
**_Chronic Inflammation _**
**Atherosclerosis is** buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls (plaque), which can restrict blood flow.
**Cerebrovascular diseaase** is a group of conditions, diseases, and disorders that affect the blood vessels and blood supply to the brain. If a blockage, malformation, or hemorrhage prevents the brain cells from getting enough oxygen, brain damage can result.
**Heart failure** is known as congestive heart failure, occurs when your heartmuscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should.
**Cardiomyopathy** is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for your heart to pump blood to the rest of your body. Cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure.
**Stroke is** occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die in minutes.
66
**Causative Agent for acute Inflammation is ------------------------------**
**Pathogens; Injury**
67
**What is the casuing agent for Chronic Inflammation ?**
**Persistent, non-degradeable pathogens; Autoimmune Reactions**
68
The Onset for Acute Inflamamtion is-----------------------------------------
**Immediate: minutes to hours**
69
**The Onset for Chronic Inflamamtion is -------------------------------**
**Delayed: weeks to month**
70
**The Duration for Acute Inflammation is ------------------**
**VS**
**The Duration for Chronic Inflammation is------------------**
The Duration for Acute Inflammation is **Few days**
The Duration for Chronic Inflammation is **Months . years**
71
**What are the Inflammatory Mediators for Acute Inflammation ?**
**Neutrophils, Macrophages, Mast cells**
72
**What are the Inflammatory Mediators for Chronic Inflammation ?**
**Cytokines, Fibroblasts**
73
**Inflammation can release extra -----------from the inflammatory site which circulates in the**
**---------------**
**protein**
**bloodstream**
74
## Footnote
**What are the three blood tests that can detect increased levels of protein, and thus, act as markers for monitoring inflammation ?**
**ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)**
**CRP (C-Reactive Protein)**
**PV (Plasma Viscosity)**
75
**An Invasion and multiplication of pathogens in a bodily tissue is called ---------------?**
**Infection**
76
**What are the S/S of systemic infection ?**
**Fatigue**
**Weight loss**
**Fever**
**Chills/Night Sweats**
**Generalized Pain/Body Aches**
77
Diagnostic Tests for Infection are the folloowing
CBC
------------------------
Culture/swab (from moist areas: throat, cervix, etc)
---------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------
Biopsy
**_Urinanalysis_
_Stool sample_
_Spinal tap (lumbar puncture - CSF)_**
**_CT_**
78
**Bacterial Infection is consiedered to be -------------------?**
**LOCAL!!!**
79
**What are the Signs/Symptoms of Local Infection ?**
Redness (local)
Heat
Swelling/Edema
Pain (local)
Cured by Antibiotics
Can also lead to systemic s/s
80
**Local Infection can be cured by -------------------, can lead to -------------------S/S.**
**Cured by Antibiotics
Can also lead to systemic S/S**
**Eg. Swollen tonsil, pain on one,**
**pain on one side of throat**
81
**Viral Infectiion is called ----------------------------**
**Systemic Infection**
82
**The following Signs and Symptoms of**
**rarely painful or local (eg. herpes)**
**Itchy, Burning**
**Can also cause local s/s**
**are indication of ------------------------------------- ?**
**Viral Infection**
83
**NOT cured by Antibiotics-----------------**
**Viral Infection**
**Eg. Generalized throat pain, chest pain, runny nose,**
**cough, body aches, sinus congestion, etc.**
84
**Can lead to tissue injury and progress to disease**
**and NOT the same as inflammation!**
**is called -------------------------**
**INFECTION**
85
**Infection is categorized by ------------------type or location**
----------------, ---------------, ---------------------
**e.g Skin, Eye, Vaginal, etc.**
**pathogen**
**Bacterial, Viral, Fungal**
86
**Same s/s by different agents:**
**eg. Sore throat –**
----------------- **(Streptococcus Pyogenes),**
------------------ **(Adenovirus),**
------------------**(Candida Albicans) ---\> --------------------**
**Bacterial**
**Viral**
**Fungal (Candida Albicans) ---\> Pharyngitis**
87
**Under Infection Susceptibility,**
**What are the 4 factors that can decrease a host’s resistance to infection?**
**Route of Entry of Pathogen (Transmission)**
**Virulence of Pathogen (toxins, destructive enzymes, etc)**
**Quantity/Load of Initial Inoculant**
**Decreased Immune function of host (eg. Immuno-compromised)**
88
**Under Infection Transmission**
**Transmitted --------------- to person in same generation**
**It can be------------or indirect**
**Person**
**Direct**
89
**Under Infection Transmission**
**--------------------- to ------------(trans-placental transmission)**
**Mother to Child**
**e.g. AIDS, hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, herpes, rubella**
90
**Inhalation of aerosols (sneezing, coughing), Sexual transmission (oral, vaginal, anal)**
**What kind of Tansmission ? Is it direct or indirect ?**
**Horizontal Transmission**
**Direct**
91
**Direct Horizontal Tramsission can be**
**------------------or ----------------------**
**Touching or Inhalation**
92
**Indirect Horizontal Transmission pathogen can withstand harsh environment over time and remain infective. True or False**
**True**
93
**Contact with contaminated inanimate objects**
**(furniture, door knobs, kleenex, food products)**
**Indirect Horizontal Transmission**
94
**Fecal-oral route (sewage water, under-developed, food poisoning)**
**Eg. rotavirus, E.coli, Giardia, cholera**
**Is part of the -------------------------------------------------------?**
**Indirect Horizontal Transmission**
95
**Infections that usually do not cause disease in a healthy host**
**(ie. healthy immune system)**
**True / False**
**True**
96
**Immunosuppression caused by:**
**--------,**
**skin damage,**
**malnutrition,**
**--------------------,**
**----------------fections,**
**immunosuppressant agents (organtransplants),**
**-------------------------------**
**Eg. Pneumocystis carinii, Candida Albicans**
**_HIV,_**
**_chemotherapy,_**
**_recurrent infections,_**
**_pregnancy_**
**Eg. Pneumocystis carinii, Candida Albicans**
97
**Time between exposure to pathogen/irritant**
**and moment when Signs/Symptoms first appear**
**is called the -------------------------------------**
**INCUBATION PERIOD**
98
**Target Immuno-compromised/immunodeficient**
**is an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS**
**True or False**
**True**
99
**These are Infections that leads to Clinical Onset**
**May be a carrier of a disease without exhibiting**
**May or may not be Infectious/Contagious at this time**
**s/s yet (eg. Chickenpox)**
**It is known as the --------------------------**
**INCUBATION PERIOD**
100
**Time between Infection (exposure) and Infectiousness (contagion)**
**that leads typically shorter than incubation period**
**(sometimes samelength, sometimes longer)**
**It is called ------------------------------------------**
**Latency Period**
101
**The pathogen is called Cellulitis**
**the Incubation Period is ------------------**
**Cellulitis \< 1 day**
102
**The pathogens name are the following :**
**Influenza**
**SARS**
**COVID 19**
**the Incubation Period for each is ------------------**
**Influenza 1-3 days**
**SARS Up to 10 days**
**COVID 19 1-14 days (median 5-6)**
103
**The pathogens name are the following :**
**Polio**
**Chickenpox**
**the Incubation Period for each is ------------------**
**Polio 7-14 days**
**Chickenpox 14-16 days**
104
The pathogens Mononucleosis 28-42 days, its Incubation Period for each is ------------------
**Mononucleosis 28-42 days**
105
**The pathogen name is Kuru (prion disease),**
**Its incubation period is ----------------**
**Kuru (prion disease) ------10-13 years**
Prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative disorders that can affect both humans and animals.
They’re caused by the the deposition of abnormally folded proteins in the brain, which can cause changes in memory, behavior and movement
106
**Time between exposure to pathogen (Infection) and**
**the earliest time when thepathogen/causative agent can be recovered**
**from the patient (usually for diagnostic purposes)**
**is called -------------------**
**Prepatent Period**
107
**Usually SHORTER than Incubation Period**
**Ie. Possible to diagnose/detect a pathogen before it manifests into s/s**
**It is called ----------------------**
**Ex..........................**
**Prepatent Period**
**Eg. In a parasitic Infection, time when eggs or larvae**
**can be recovered from feces, urine, or blood**
108
**The dose or amount of a pathogen required to create an Infection in the body**
**is called----------------------------**
**Inoculation Dose Period**
109
**Used primarily for vaccinations when inoculating the body with antigenic**
**species of a virus in order to build the body’s immunity and create antibodies**
**(Immunization )**
**Inoculation Dose Period**
110
**An infection that is Asymptomatic, Occurs during the Incubation Period of an Infection**
**is called --------------------------------**
**Its Classification before the Infection manifests into s/s**
**Subclinical Infection**
111
**Can only be identified by culture studies, It is one of the greatest risk of spreading infection at this time (silent killer!)**
**It is known as the ----------------------------**
**Eg. AIDS,**
**genital warts,**
**chlamydia,**
**TB**
**Subclinical Infection**
112
**Time when s/s have ceased but Infection is still present, the tiime of recovery and healing (feeling back to“normal”)**
**Convalescent Period**
113
**Later stage of Infection which may still be infectious/contagious is know as ---------------------**
**Convalescent Period**
