Neurological Bases of Behavior Nervous system Flashcards
is a system of nerves involved in thought processes, heartbeat, visual motor coordination, and so on
The Nervous System
The nervous system consists of the :
brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body
form the control center known as the central nervous system (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
information is evaluated, and decisions made
Central Nervous System
The sensory nerves and sense organs of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) monitor
conditions inside and outside of the body and send this information to the CNS
These are specialized cells of the nervous system that conduct impulses
Neurons
These are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between.
Neurons
These are branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons and allow the transmission of messages to the cell body.
Dendrites
Each neuron has a cell body with a nucleus, Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum,mitochondria and other components.
Cell body
is a tube-like structure that carries electrical impulse from the cell body to the axon terminals that pass the impulse to another neuron.
Axon
the chemical junction between the terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron.
Synapse
remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system; nourish and insulate neurons
Glial cells
a fatty substance that encases and insulates axons, facilitating transmission of neural impulses
Myelin
fatty substance that encases and insulates axons, facilitating transmission of neural impulses
Myelin
Neurons that are carrying signals towards the brain are called
Afferent neurons
are those that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous system and towards muscles, glands, and organs to initiate movement
Efferent neurons
Sensory neurons are triggered by
physical and chemical stimulation from the environment
are used to initiate movement, both voluntary and involuntary.
Motor neurons
are the connections between sensory and motor neurons. They help the body to react to external stimuli.
Interneurons
A junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron.
Synapses
action potential affects other neurons through a gap present between two neurons known as the synapse
Chemical Synapse
When two neurons are connected by a gap junction, it results in
An electrical synapse
The action potential is carried along the axon to a
postsynaptic ending that initiates the release of chemical
messengers known as
Neurotransmitters
When two neurons are connected by a gap junction, it results in
an electrical synapse. These gaps include ion channels that help
in the direct transmission of a positive electrical signal. These are
much faster than
Chemical synapses
are chemical messengers in the body
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters job
Their job is to transmit
signals from nerve cells to target cells.
Neurotransmitters transmit signals, these signals help regulate bodily functions
ranging from
heart rate to appetite
The brain needs neurotransmitters to regulate many necessary functions, including:
heart rate
• breathing
• sleep cycles
• digestion
• mood
• concentration
• appetite
• muscle movement
Excitatory neurotransmitters
encourage a target
cell to take action
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
decrease the chances
of the target cell taking action.
Modulatory neurotransmitters can
can send messages
to many neurons at the same time
•is an excitatory neurotransmitter with a wide range of roles.
•It triggers muscle contractions, stimulates saliva and sweat
production, and controls the heartbeat
Acetylcholine
•is a type of monoamine neurotransmitter.
•It’s made in your
brain and acts as a chemical messenger, communicating
messages between nerve cells in your brain and your brain and
the rest of your body.
Dopamine
inhibit pain signals and create a feeling of pleasure.
They have links to laughter, love, sex, and appetizing food
Endorphins
is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone, but it acts
mainly as a hormone
Epinephrine
also known as adrenaline,
plays an important role in your body’s fight-or-flight response. It’s
also used as a medication to treat many life-threatening
conditions
Epinephrine
• is the central nervous
system’s main inhibitor
• is a mood regulator,
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
experts
have linked low levels of GABA with
anxiety, depression,
and schizophrenia
sends signals between your nerve cells. It may
help regulate many body functions, including mood, bowel
movements, and sleep, among others.
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
It is a neurotransmitter of the brain that plays an essential
role in the
regulation of arousal, attention, cognitive function,
and stress reactions
