Neurological Assessment and Dysfunction Flashcards
Three signs of Cushing’s Triad
- Increasing blood pressure
- Bradycardia
- Irregular breathing patterns
Red flags for neurological deterioration include:
Increasing headache, decreased conscious state or orientation, confusion or irritability, seizures, slurred speech, neck pain, weakness or numbness, behaviour changes
Biot’s breath is…?
Irregular breathing with apnoeic episodes
Cushing’s Triad indicates ….?
Late signs of increased ICP and indicate that the brain is about to herniate.
Albumin resus in head injured patients
Is contraindicated due to increased mortality and association with increased ICP.
What is the sole energy substrate for the brain?
Glucose
3 systems responsible for maintain homeostasis
Neurological, endocrine & immune,
CNS consists of:
Spinal cord and the brain
CNS is responsible for:
Acquire, coordinate and disseminate information about the body and it’s environment.
The peripheral nervous system is composed of:
43 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves that emerge from the base of the brain.
How many neurons in the human brain?
100 billion
Two main classes of synapses:
Electrical and chemical
Function of electrical synapses
Permit direct, passive flow of electrical current from one neuron to another in the form of action potential.
Function of chemical synapses:
Enable cell to cell communication via the secretion of neurotransmitters
Function of myelin:
Increases conduction velocity
Guillian-Barre syndrome:
Demyelination of peripheral nerves, slowing conduction and may result in a conduction block.
Neurotransmitters are:
Chemical that act as messengers to relay information between neurons.
4 classes of neurotransmitters:
- Acetylcholine
- Biogenic amines
- Excitatory amino acids
- Neuropeptides
3 major divisions of the brain:
- Paired hemispheres of the cerebrum
- the brainstem
- the cerebellum
7 components of the brainstem:
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
- subthalamus
- midbrain
- medulla oblongata
3 regions of the brain:
Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
Cerebrum description:
- Largest and most uppermost portion of the brain.
- Two hemispheres.
- 2x frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
Cerebrum functions:
Cortex (outer layer) is the site of conscious thought, memory, reasoning and abstract mental functions.
Diencephalon decription;
Between the cerebrum and the brainstem.
Contains thalamus and hypothalamus
Thalamus function:
Thalamus sorts redirects sensory input
Hypothalamus function:
Controls visceral, autonomic, endocrine and emotional function and the pituitary gland.
Midbrain function:
Reflex centres concerned with vision and hearing.
Basal ganglia function:
Planning and coordinating motor movements and posture,