Neurological and Endrocrine Disorders

Question 1

CVA

Answer 1

cardiovascular accident cause by cut off of blood flow to the brain

Question 2

Causes of CVA’s

Answer 2

hypertension is the leading cause - others include heart disease, diabetes, cigarette smoking, alcoholism, older age, male gender, African American race, and family history of stroke.

Question 3

middle cerebral artery

Answer 3

most often involved in stroke

Question 4

TBI

Answer 4

Traumatic Brain Injury - open or closed

closed can cause more widespread damage (may lose consciousness) post traumatic amnesia (anterograde)

Question 5

lasting symptoms of TBI - prognosis

Answer 5

With regard to prognosis, most people experience the most recovery during the first three months with substantial additional improvement during the first year

Question 6

Huntington’s Disease

Answer 6

caudate nucleus and putamin - genetic - chorea movements - mental symptoms first,( psychosis, depression, dementia) tests CT, MRI, genetic testing
tx antipsychotics, life expect 10-15 years
neurdegenerative disorder

Question 7

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 7

caused by low dopanine in basal ganglia (substia nigra)

First symptoms are tremors - speech changes - LDOPA -

Question 8

Seizures two main categories

Answer 8

(partial) focal and generalized - diagnosed with EEG, CT or MRI. Uusally involves” f

Question 9

Focal/partial seizures (partial/complex partial)

Answer 9

start localized - can spread - imparied awareness
simple partial - no loss of consciousness
Complex partial - some alteration of consciousness

Question 10

most common cause of partial seziure -

Answer 10

due to temporal lobe epilepsy

Question 11

Geeralized sezures - tonic clonic and absence

Answer 11

tonic clonic - tonic - muscle stiffness - clonic - shaking of limbs - post seizure (postictal) depress/confusion/amensia - absence - brief loss of consciousness - blank stare with blinking (thalamus plays a role (?).

Question 12

Migraines - with/without aura

Answer 12

low level of seretonin - tx nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ergot alkaloids, SSRIs, SSRI agonists, beta blockers, and a combination of thermal biofeedback and autogenic training.

Question 13

Hypertension - primary/secondary

Tx - lifestyle changes and may also include a diuretic, beta blocker, ACE inhibitor, or other blood pressure medication and biofeedback or relaxation training.

Answer 13

primary - 90% of cases “silent killer”
Secondary - due to a known disease. risk for primary hypertension include obesity, tobacco use, excessive salt intake, stress, male gender, older age, African American race, and a family history of hypertension

Question 14

CT vs MRI
Structural techniques are used to identify structural changes due, for example, to strokes, tumors, degenerative diseases, and infections

Answer 14

CT - Advantages of a CT scan are that it costs less than an MRI, provides images more rapidly, and, unlike an MRI, doesn’t require the patient to be motionless for a long period of time.
MRI - Advantages of an MRI are that it produces three-dimensional and more detailed images and doesn’t require the use of radiation

Question 15

Functional imaging techniques provide information about brain structure and neural activity by assessing cerebral blood flow, oxygen consumption, or glucose metabolism.

Answer 15

These techniques include positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and functional MRI (fMRI).