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Pathology weeks 15, 16 > Neurological > Flashcards

Neurological Flashcards

1
Q

Meningitis

A

Acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid

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2
Q

Where does meningitis typically come from

A

Infection of the middle ear, frontal sinus, respiratory system, bloodstream or other

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3
Q

How many types of meningitis are there

A

Two types:
Bacterial (pyogenic)
Viral

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4
Q

Which type of meningitis is most common

A

Bacterial (pyogenic)

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5
Q

What test is done to determine cause of meningitis

A

spinal tap

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6
Q

What are complications of meningitis

A

vasculiti, thrombosis, infarction, hydrocephalus, subdural effusion, empyema, brain abscess

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7
Q

Why might a patient with meningitis need an amputation

A

if the blood vessels damaged result in gangrene

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8
Q

How may imaging of meningitis appear

A

Imaging signs: brain shift and lateral shift of midline structures
obliteration or dilation of the ventricles and thinning of CSF spaces

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9
Q

How common is Glioma

A

Most common type of primary malignant brain tumor

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10
Q

What type of cells are affected by Glioma

A

Glial cells. They support the connective tissues in the CNS

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11
Q

What are the most common types of Glioma

A

glioblastoma and astrocytoma

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12
Q

How is Glioma spread

A

By direct extension, it can cross over the corpus callosum to the other cerebral hemisphere

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13
Q

What is preferred modality for Glioma

A

MRI or CT C-/C+

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14
Q

What may you see on a CT C+ scan of a brain with Glioma

A

A homogenous lesion with an irregular ring of enhancement

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15
Q

Meningioma

A

Benign tumor arising from the arachnoid lining cells. Attached to the dura

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16
Q

How will Meningioma appear on a head CT

A

Rounded, sharply delineated HYPERdense or ISOdense tumor abutting dural surface

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17
Q

Brain Metastases usually derive from what

A

lung or breast cancer

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18
Q

How is brain metastases spread

A

usually hematogenous (form blood) or direct invasion

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19
Q

Concussion

A

Traumatic injury. Usually from hitting head in sport or MVC

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20
Q

How may a concussion affect the patient

A

chemical alterations to brain, may be physical, cognitive or behavioral symptoms. Short or long term.

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21
Q

Is concussion usually limited to one area of the brain

A

no, it usually includes multiple areas

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22
Q

What may concussion co-exist with

A

contusion (bruising)

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23
Q

Contusion

A

bruise/bleeding

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24
Q

Hematoma

A

Bleeding in skull/brain

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25
Q

Are contusions to brain local or widespread

A

local, but typically severe

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26
Q

Contrecoup brain injury

A

Injury from a blow opposite to injured side

27
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

premature aging/ presenile dementia. Cerebral atrophy that is far more enhanced than expected for the patient’s age

28
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Shaking palsy. Progressive degenerative disease.

29
Q

In parkinson’s disease which cells are affected

A

nerve cells…basal ganglia

30
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Dilation of the ventricular system associated with intracranial pressure

31
Q

What is the typical cause if Hydrocephalus

A

Obstructions. Usually in infants

32
Q

How may hydrocephalus be treated

A

shunting between dilated ventricles and the peritoneal cavity (vntriculoperitoneal shunt)

33
Q

If a brain bleed is suspected what should you do with regards to CT scanning

A

Take a nonenhanced scan first so you can ensure you catch all types of bleeding

34
Q

What is the terminology for collection of blood in the head/brain

A

Cerebral/Intracranial Hemhorrhages/ Hematomas

35
Q

Epidural Bleed

A

Between the skull bone and outermost membrane layer, the dura mater

36
Q

Subdural Bleed

A

Between dura mater and arachnoid membrane

37
Q

Subarachnoid Bleed

A

Between arachnoid membrane and pia mater

38
Q

Intracerebral hemorrhage

A

In the lobes, pons, and cerebellum of brain (anywhere in brain tissue)

39
Q

Intraventricular hemorrhage

A

bleeding in the ventricles/cavities where CSF is produced

40
Q

How will Acute blood be on CT

A

Bright white or hyperdense once it clots

41
Q

When does blood in brain become isodense

A

approximately after 1 week

42
Q

When does blood in brain become hypodense

A

approximately 2 weeks

43
Q

For an epidural hematoma what is the type of bleeding

A

acute arterial bleeding

44
Q

What type of bleeding is present in subdural hematoma

A

Venous, between dura mater and other meninges (arachnoid)

45
Q

Which is a faster bleed: Epidural or subdural

A

Epidural as it is arterial

46
Q

What shape is subdural hematoma

A

crescent shaped

47
Q

what shape is epidural hematoma

A

convex/ “lemon” shape

48
Q

What layer is damaged leading to an intracerebral hemorrhage

A

The intima layer

49
Q

Intraventricular hemorrhage can be secondary to what

A

intracerebral hemorrhage

50
Q

Injury to surface veins can lead to what

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

51
Q

What is the major cause of a subarachnoid hemorrhage aside from head trauma

A

rupture of a berry aneurysm

52
Q

Aneurysm

A

a localized dilation of an artery. Has weak walls from decreased elastin and increased collagen

53
Q

What is the most common artery to have aneurysms

A

aorta

54
Q

What is CVA

A

Cerebrovascular Accident / Stroke

55
Q

What happens with CVA

A

sudden loss of brain function caused by blockage or rupture

56
Q

What percent of CVA are ischemic

A

80%

57
Q

What is it called when neurons in affected area die from CVA

A

cerebral infarct

58
Q

How do you differentiate between ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage stroke

A

CT exam

59
Q

How would one treat a blockage stroke

A

fibrinolytic / thrombolytic agents (clot busters)

60
Q

How would one treat a hemorrhagic stroke

A

Clip the bleeding spot and burr the skull to relieve pressure from blood pooling

61
Q

What is the main cause of a Hemorrhagic stroke aside form head trauma

A

Hypertensive vascular disease (high blood pressure)

62
Q

How many days after an ischemic stroke will Mass effect be seen on CT

A

7-10 days after onset

63
Q

What is TIA

A

Transient Ischemic Attack:
A temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain

64
Q

What is likely to be prescribed for a TIA patient

A

Low dose aspirin

Pathology weeks 15, 16 (2 decks)

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