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Pathology weeks 15, 16 > Hematopoietic and Endocrine System > Flashcards

Hematopoietic and Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Anemia

A

Decrease in oxygen carrying capability

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2
Q

Is anemia long term or short term

A

Can be both depending on circumstance

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3
Q

What are symptoms of Anemia

A

fatigue, weakness, pale or yellow pallor, irregular heartbeat, dyspnea, cold hands/feet, chest pain

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4
Q

How is anemia diagnosed from blood tests

A

Low RBC count

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5
Q

What is a neoplasm

A

Tumor/ abnormal proliferation of cells

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6
Q

What are types of malignant neoplasms

A

carcinoma, sarcoma, myeloma, lymphoma, leukemia, and more

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7
Q

What are types of benign neoplasms

A

adenoma, fibroma, chondroma, more

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8
Q

Leukemia

A

cancer of blood forming tissues including bone marrow and the lymphatic system

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9
Q

What type of cell is affected in leukemia

A

White blood cells

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10
Q

Is leukemia acute or chronic

A

both

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11
Q

What is the worst kind of leukemia

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

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12
Q

Myelocytic leukemia

A

cancer of myeloid cells of bone marrow

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13
Q

Lymphocytic leukemia

A

malignancy of lymph nodes/cells

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14
Q

What are leukemia patients particularly susceptible to

A

infection as the white blood cells are affected

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15
Q

How will leukemia present on blood test

A

High WBC count, but remember that the cells are defective

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16
Q

How may leukemia present on an image

A

radiolucent bands at the metaphyses of long bones OR moth bone appearance

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17
Q

How may leukemia present on a KUB

A

splenomegaly… there may also be GI filling defects

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18
Q

Lymphoma

A

Neoplasms of the lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid tissues of parenchymal organs such as the GI tract, lungs, and skin

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19
Q

What determines if Lymphoma is Hodgkins or non hodgkins

A

It depends on which lymphocyte is affected.

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20
Q

Which has a more predictable progression of lyphoma: Hodgkin’s or non-Hodgkin’s

A

Hodgkin’s

21
Q

Which is more common: Hodgkin’s or non-Hodgkin’s

A

Non-Hodgkin’s. It is also more aggressive

22
Q

Which areas of the body are most affected by Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

neck, chest, armpits, upper body

23
Q

What is the main difference between Hodgkin’s and non-hodgkin’s

A

Non-Hodgkin’s is more diffuse and can start anywhere in the body whereas Hodgkin’s sticks to the neck chest and upper body

24
Q

What is ivory vertebra

A

Sclerosis of the spine

25
Q

What does the pituitary gland control

A

Most glandular activity

26
Q

Where is the pituitary gland

A

Sits in sella turcica, it is about the size of a pea

27
Q

Where to pituitary adenomas typically arise

A

The anterior lobe.

28
Q

What percent of intracranial tumors to pituitary adenomas make up

A

about 10%

29
Q

Are pituitary tumors usually fast or slow growing

A

Usually slow growing and benign

30
Q

How will a pituitary tumor affect a person

A

It will affect their ability to secrete hormones

31
Q

How will a pituitary tumor react to contrast media

A

They take up contrast homogenously and become hyperdense

32
Q

Cushing’s disease is an excess of what

A

glucocorticoids

33
Q

What does endogenous mean

A

from a tumor

34
Q

What type of tumor causes cushing’s disease

A

An adrenal gland tumor. Can be malignant or non-malignant.

35
Q

How may a patient with Cushing’s syndrome appear

A

They may have a round or “moon face”, may have centripital obesity (or fat cllects in their trunk), they may have a “buffalo hump”or the fat pad behind their shoulders, they may bruise easily and they may also have osteoperosis

36
Q

How will Cushing’s appear radiographically

A

Bilateral thickeningof the adrenal gland wings

37
Q

What hormone does the thyroid control/secrete

A

TSH

38
Q

What does the thyroid primarily control regarding body functions

A

cellular metabolism

39
Q

What modality is best to evaluate the thyroid gland

A

nuclear medicine

40
Q

What is another name for Grave’s disease

A

Hyperthyroidism

41
Q

What happens to a patient with hyperthyroidism

A

Sped up metabolism

42
Q

How will hyperthyroidism present on imaging

A

nuke med: diffuse gland enlargment with increased iodine uptake
CT: exophthalmos from thickening of extra-ocular muscles

43
Q

Hypothyroidism is from what

A

decreased production of thyroid hormone

44
Q

What will hypothyroidism do to a patient

A

slow the metabolism

45
Q

What may cause hypothyroidism

A

pituitary adenoma or an autoimmune problem

46
Q

How will hypothyroidism present in an image of an adult

A

enlarged heart shadow from pericardial effusion

47
Q

How will hypothyroidism appear on an image of a child

A

retarded bone development for their age, thickened skulls and small facial bones and mastoid air cells

48
Q

What are metastases

A

Increased/decreased density in areas. They are miliary in presentation “moth eaten” appearance.

49
Q

lesions from metastases are often what shape

A

rounded

Pathology weeks 15, 16 (2 decks)

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