NEUROLOGIC FUNCTION Flashcards
nervous system consists of 2 major parts?
CNS & PNS
CNS including
brain and spinal cord
PNS involves
cranial nerves, spinal nerves and autonomic nervous system
funtion? to control…
motor
sensory
autonomic
cognitive
behavioral activities
basic functional unit of the brain is the
NEURON
neuron is composed of
dendrites
cell body
axon
branch type structures for receiving electrochemical messages
dendrites
long projection that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body
axon
nerve cell bodies occurring in clusters are called
ganglia or nuclei
a cluster of cell bodies w/ the same function is called
center
communicate message from one neuron to another or from a neuron to a target cell
neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters are manufactured and stored in
release in____
synaptic vesicles
synapse
major neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
norepinephrine
gamma-aminobutyric acid
enkephalin, endorphin
major transmitter of the parasympathetic NS system
acetylcholine
neurons in many areas of the brain; autonomic nervous system
acetylcholine
acetylcholine? excitatory or inhibitory
excitatory
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
type
helps control mood and sleep, inhibits pain pathways?
Inhibitory
Serotonin
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
brain stem, hypothalamus, dorsal horn of the spinal cord
Serotonin
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
neurons on the substantia nigra and basal ganglia
Dopamine
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
type
effects behavior (attention, emotions) and fine movement)
Inhibitory
Dopamine
major transmitter of the sympathetic nervous system
Norepinephrine
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Type..
brain stem, hypothalamus, postganglionic neourons of the sympathetic NS
Excitatory
Norepinephrine
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
effects mood and overall activity
norepinephrine
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
type
nerve terminal of the spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, some cortisol areas
Inhibitory
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
nerves terminal in the spine, brain stem, thalamus, and hypothalamus, pituitary gland
Enkephalin, endorphin
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
type….
pleasurable sensation, inhibits pain transmission
excitatory
enkephalin
endorphin
2% of the total body
average young adult (1400g)
average older adult (1200g)
Brain
brain dividef into 3 major organs
cerebrum
brain stem
cerebellum
85% of the brain tissue largest and most developed part of the brain
cerebrum
is the great longitudinal fissure that separates the cerebrum into the right and left hemisphere
cerebral hemisphere
external or outer portion of the hemisphere
innermost layer
gray matter
white matter
composed of 2 hemisphere
thalamus and hypothalamus
cerebral hemispheres are divided into pairs of lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
largest lobe
frontal
concentration, abstract thought, information storage, or memory and motor function
Frontal
Broca Area - left hemisphere and us critical for motor control of speech
Frontal
also responsible in large part for a person’s effect, judgment personality and inhibitions
frontal
critical thinking
personality
motor activity
frontal
analyzes sensory information to other cortical areas and is essential to a person’s awareness of body position in space, size and shape discrimination
parietal
right lefr orientation
parietal
discrimination of sensory impulses to pain, touch, pressure heat and cold
Parietal
responsible for visual interpretation and memory
occipital
contains the auditory receptive areas
temporal
plays in memory of sound and understanding of language and music
temporal
hearing and sound
short term memory
temporal
thick collection of nerve fibers that connects the two hemisphere of the brain
responsible for the transmission of info from one side of the brain to the other
corpus callosum
verbal, linguistic, arithmetic, calculation and analytical functions
cerebral dominance of the left side of the brain
geometric, spatial, visual, pattern and musical functions
nondominant hemisphere
integrates sensory information to provide smooth coordinated movement
control fine movement, balance and position (postural) sense or proprioception (awareness of positionof extremities w/o looking at them
cerebellum
Function: Smell (sensory)
Key Role: Detects odors
Olfactory (I)
Function: Vision (sensory)
Key Role: Transmits visual information.
Optic (II)
Function: Eye movement, pupil constriction (motor)
Key Role: Controls most eye muscles, eyelid elevation, and pupil response.
Oculomotor (III)
Function: Eye movement (motor)
Key Role: Controls the superior oblique muscle (downward and inward movement).
Trochlear (IV)
Function: Facial sensation, chewing (mixed)
Key Role: Provides sensation to the face and controls jaw muscles.
Trigeminal (V)
Function: Eye movement (motor)
Key Role: Controls the lateral rectus muscle (eye abduction).
Abducens (VI)
Function: Facial expression, taste (mixed)
Key Role: Controls facial muscles, taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue), and some salivary glands.
Facial (VII)
Function: Hearing, balance (sensory)
Key Role: Transmits sound and equilibrium information.
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Function: Taste, swallowing (mixed)
Key Role: Taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue), salivation, and pharynx sensation.
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Function: Autonomic control, swallowing (mixed)
Key Role: Regulates heart rate, digestion, and respiratory functions; controls voice and swallowing muscles.
Vagus (X)
Function: Neck and shoulder movement (motor)
Key Role: Controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
Accessory (XI)
Function: Tongue movement (motor)
Key Role: Enables speech and swallowing.
Hypoglossal (XII)
