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MEDSURG - 2 > ASSESSMENT OF DIGESTIVE AND GI FUNCTION > Flashcards

ASSESSMENT OF DIGESTIVE AND GI FUNCTION Flashcards

1
Q

phase of the digestive process that occurs when small molecules, vitamins, and minerals pass through the walls of the small and large intestine and into the bloodstream

A

Absorption

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2
Q

an enzyme that alds in the digestion of starch

A

amylase

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3
Q

last section of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, outlet for waste products from the Gl system

A

anus

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4
Q

mixture of food with saliva, salivary enzymes, and gastric secretions that is produced as food passes through the mouth, esophagus, and stomach

A

chyme

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5
Q

phase of the digestive process that occurs when digestive enzymes and secretions mix with ingested food and when proteins, fats, and sugars are broken down into their component smaller molecules

A

digestion

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6
Q

upper abdominal discomfort asso- ciated with eating

A

dyspepsia: indigestion

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7
Q

phase of the digestive process that occurs after digestion and absorption, when waste products are evacuated from the body

A

elimination

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8
Q

collapsible tube connecting the mouth to the stomach, through which food passes as it is ingested

A

esophagus

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9
Q

acid secreted by the glands in the stomach; mixes with chyme to break it down into absorbable molecules and to aid in the destruction of bacteria

A

hydrochloric acid

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10
Q

phase of the digestive process that occurs when food is taken into the Gl tract via the mouth and esophagus

A

ingestion

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11
Q

a gastric secretion that combines with vita. min B, so that the vitamin can be absorbed

A

intrinsic factor

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12
Q

the portion of the Gl tract into which waste material from the small intestine passes as absorption continues and elimination begins; consists of sev- eral parts-ascending segment, transverse segment, descending segment, sigmoid colon, and rectum (syn- onym: colon)

A

large intestine

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13
Q

an enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats

A

lipase

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14
Q

the collective gertome of all microbes in a microbiota

A

microbiome

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15
Q

the complement of microbes in a given environment

A

microbiota

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16
Q

a gastric enzyme that is important in protein digestion

A

pepsin

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17
Q

longest portion of the Gl tract, consisting of three parts-duodenum, jejunum, and ileum-through which food mixed with all secretions and enzymes passes as it continues to be digested and begins to be absorbed into the bloodstream

A

small intestine

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18
Q

distensible pouch into which the food bolus passes to be digested by gastric enzymes

A

stomach

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19
Q

enzyme that aids in the digestion of protein

A

trypsin

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20
Q

delineates the entire GI tract after the introduction Of contrast agent
radiopaque liquid______ is commonly used

A

Upper GI fluoroscopy
Barium Sulfate

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21
Q

Very detailed double contrast, study of the entire small intestine that involves the continous infusion of 500 to 1000 mL of a thin barium sulfate suspension after this methylcellulose is infused through a tube

A

Enteroclysis

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22
Q

Most effective bowel cleansing preparatory agent

A

Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)

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23
Q

Visualization of the lower GI tract is obtained after

A

Installation of barium /barium enema 15-30mins

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24
Q

If active inflammatory disease fistulas or perforation of the colon is suspected a ______ can be used

A

water soluble iodinated contrast agent (diatrizoic acid)

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25
Q

Provides cross sectional images of abdominal organs and structures

Valuable tool for detecting and localizing many inflammatory conditions in the colon

A

Computed Tomography

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26
Q

common risk for IV contrast agents include

A

Allergic reaction and contrast induced nephropathy

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27
Q

Patient allergic to the contrast agent may be premeditated with a

A

Corticosteroid and antihistamine

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28
Q

Use in gastroenterology to supplement ultrasonography and CT

noninvasive tech uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produces images of the area being studied. Ang_____ can be attarcted to the magnet and cause injury.

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ferromagnetic objects

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29
Q

Produce images of the body by detecting the radiation imitated from radioactive substances

A

Positron emission tomography (PET)

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30
Q

Relies on the use of radioactive isotopes to reveal displaced anatomic structures changes in organ size and the presence of neoplasms or other focal lessons such as cysts or abscesses

A

Scintigraphy

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31
Q

Useful in determining the source of internal bleeding when all other studies have returned a negative result

A

Tagged red cell studies

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32
Q

also use to assess gastric emptying and colonic transit time.

this is useful in diagnosing disorders of gastric motility, diabetic gastroparesis and dumping syndrome

A

Radionuclide Testing

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33
Q

Use to evaluate colonic motility and obstructive defication syndromes
Patient given a capsule containing 20 radionuclide markers
process usually takes 4-5 days

A

Colonic Transit Studies

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34
Q

Also be used to evaluate esophageal and gastric motility and to collect secretions and tissue specimens for further analysis

allows direct visualization of the esopageal, gastric, and duodenal mucosa through a lighted endoscope

A

Upper gastrointestinal fibroscopy/EGD esophagogastroduedenoscopy

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35
Q

Diagnostic options for patients with esophageal diseases who can not tolerate an EGD

A

philcam eso/ capsule endoscopy

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36
Q

Flexible scope is passed through the recrum and sigmoid colon into descending, transverse, and ascending colon.

A

Colonoscopy

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37
Q

reduce secretion

A

atropine

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38
Q

to relax amooth muscle

A

glucagon

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39
Q

Sedative that provide moderate sedation with loss of the gag reflex and relieve anxiety during the procedure

A

midazolam

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40
Q

An enzyme that AIDS in the digestion of carbohydrates.Or starch

An enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats

protein

A

amylase
lipase
trypsin

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41
Q

Gastric enzyme that is important in protein digestion and product of the conversion of pepsinogen from the chief cell

A

pepsin

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42
Q

gi tract is a pathway ___

A

7-7.9 m (22-26 ft)
mouth
esophagus
stomach
small
large
rectum
anus

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43
Q

Hollow muscular tube
25 cm (10inch)
passes through at an diaphragm called the

A

diaphragmatic hiatus

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44
Q

The remaining portion of the GI tract is located within

A

peritoneal cavity

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45
Q

hollow muscular organ w/ a capacity of approximately 1500ml

A

stomach

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46
Q

in the inlet to the stomach
the place where the esophagus is connected to the stomach

A

gastroesophageal junction

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47
Q

4 anatomic regions of the stomach

A

cardia
fundus
body
pylorus

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48
Q

2/3 of the total length
longest segment of the GI tract
70 m(230 ft)
surface area for secretion and absorption

A

small In

49
Q

small intestine 3 sections

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

50
Q

large intestine consist of

A

ascending segment
transverse
descending

sigmoid
rectum
anus

51
Q

portal venous system is composed of five large veins?

A

superior mesentric
inferior mesentric
gastric splenic
splenic
cystic veins

52
Q

o2 and nutrients are supplied to the stomach by?
to the intestines?

A

gastric artery
mesentric arteries

53
Q

bloood flow to the GI tract is about ___ of the total cardiac output and increases significantly after eating

A

20%

54
Q

inhibitory effect on the GI tract
decrease gastric secretion and motility
causing the sphincter and blood vessels to constrict

A

sympathetic nerves

55
Q

stimulation causes peristalsis
increase secretory activities

A

parasympathetic nerves

56
Q

sphincter relax under the influence of the______ except of the sphincter of the upper esophagus adn tge external anal sphincter

A

parasympathetic stimulation

57
Q

______ saliva is secreted daily from the____

A

1.5 L
parotid
submaxillary/submandibular gland
sublingual

58
Q

voluntary act that is regulated by the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata of the cns

A

swallowing

59
Q

in the absence of intrinsic factor, vit b12 cannot be absorbed and ______ results

A

pernicious anemia

60
Q

duodenal secretions come from the accessory digestive organs..

A

pancreas
liver
gallbladder

61
Q

duodenum secretions contains digestive enzymes?

A

amylase
lipase
bile

62
Q

digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas

A

trypsin
lipase
amylase

63
Q

2 types of contractions in small intestine

A

segmentation contractions
intestinal peristalsis

64
Q

produce mixing waves that move the intestinal content back and forth in a churning motion

A

segmentation contraction

65
Q

propels the contents of the small intestine towards the colon

A

intestinal peristalsis

66
Q

fats, proteins, carbs, na and chloride are absorbed in

A

jejunum

67
Q

absorbed in some areas of small intestine and duodenum

A

nutrients

68
Q

vit. b12 and bile salts are absorbed in

A

ileum

69
Q

mg, phosphate, k are absorbed in

A

small intestine

70
Q

major component of the large intestine, assist in completing the breakdown of waste material, especially of undigested or unabsorbed proteins and bile slats

A

gut microbes

71
Q

chiefly a bicarbonate solution that acts to neutralize the end product formed by the colonic bacterial action

A

electrolyte solution

72
Q

protects the colonic mucosa from the intraluminal contains and provides adherence for a fecal mass

A

mucus

73
Q

gas formed contain

A

methane
hydrogen
sulfide & ammonia

74
Q

normal gut microbiota is established by

A

2 years of age

75
Q

1st line of defense against pathogenic microbes and microbial agents

A

intestinal epithelium

76
Q

pqrst means
old cart

A

provocation
quality
region
severity
timing

onset
location
duration

characteristics
aggravating factors
relieving factor
timing

77
Q

most common symptoms of pt w/ GI dysfunction

A

dyspepsia (indigestion)

78
Q

cause the most discomfort because they remain in the stomach for digestion longer than proteins or carbohydrates

A

fatty foods

79
Q

accumulation of gas in the GI tract may result in

A

belching
flatulence

80
Q

expulsion of gas in the GI tract may result in

A

belching

81
Q

expulsion of gaz from the rectum

A

flatulence

82
Q

usually, gases in the small intestine pass into the colon and are released as

A

flatus

83
Q

patients often complain of bloating, distention or feeling “full of gas” w/ excessive flatulence as a symptom of

A

food intolerance
gallbladder disease

84
Q

uncomfortable sensation of sickness or “queasiness” that may or may not be followed by vomiting

A

nausea

85
Q

forceful emptying of the stomach and intestinal contents through the mouth

A

vomiting

86
Q

an acute onset of emesis that appears bright red or as coffee grounds is characteristics of a

A

mallory weiss tear

87
Q

an abnormal increase in the frequency and liquidity of the stool or in daily stool weight or volume

A

diarrhea

88
Q

a decrease in the frequency of stool or stools or stools that are hard, dry and of smaller volume than typical may be associated w/ anal discomfort and rectal bleeding

A

constipation

89
Q

physical assessment

A

inspection
palpation
percussion
auscultation

90
Q

abdominal assessment

A

inspection
auscultation
percussion
palpation

91
Q

9 regions

A

epigastric
umbilical
hypogastric or suprapubic
right hypochondriac
left hypochondriac
right lumbar
left lumbar
right inguinal
left inguinal

92
Q

bowel sounds are assessed using the diaphragm of the stheth for

A

soft clicks and gurgling sounds range from 5 to 30mins

93
Q

used to determine the characteristics, location and frequency of bowel sounds and to identify vascular sounds

A

auscultation

94
Q

used to assess the size and density of abdominal organs and to detect the presence of air filled fluid filled or solid masses

A

percussion

95
Q

protein that us normally not detected in the blood of a healthy person; when detected in the blood it indicates thatt cancer is present

A

CEA - Carcinoembryonic Antigen

96
Q

one of the most commonly performed stool tests
can be useful in initial screening for several disorders, although it is used most frequently in early cancer detection programs

A

guaiae based fecal occult blood testing

97
Q

was developed to evaluate carbohydrate absorption

aiding in the diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth in the intestine and short bowel syndrome

A

hydrogen breath test

98
Q

detects the presence of helicobacter pylori the bacteria that can live in the mucosal lining of the stomach and causes peptic ulcer

A

urea breath test

99
Q

noninvasive diagnostic technique in which high frequency sound waves are passed into internal body structure and the ultrasonic echoes are recorded on an oseilloscope as they strike tissues of different densities

A

ultrasonography

100
Q

specialized enteroscopic procedure that aids in the diagnosis of GI disorders by providing direct imaging of a target area

A

endoscopic ultrasonography (eus)

101
Q

pt should eat a fat free meat the evening before the test

A

gallbladder studies

102
Q

inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and is associated w/ colonic and extracolonic cancers

A

lynch syndrome

103
Q

endoscopic examination of the anus, rectum, sigmoid

A

anoscopy
proctoscopy
sigmoidoscopy

104
Q

useful for visualizing a segment of the small or large intestine and may be indicated to evaluate the anastomosis for recurrent disease or to visualize and treat bleeding in a segment of the bowel

A

endoscopy through an ostomoy stoma

105
Q

measures changes in intraluminal pressures and the coordination of muscle activity in the GI tract w the pressures transmitted to a computer analyzer

A

manometry test

106
Q

used to detect motility disorders of the upper and lower esophageal sphincter

A

esophageal manometry

107
Q

very helpful in the diagnosis of achalasia (absence of peristalsis)

A

esophageal motility studies

108
Q

measures the resting tone of the internal anal sphincter

A

anorectal manometry

109
Q

an electrophysiologic study, performed to assess gastric motility disturbances and can be useful in detecting motor or nerve dysfunction

A

electrogastrography

110
Q

measures anorectal function and is performed with very thick barium paste instilled into the rectum

A

defecography

111
Q

used to assess the function of the rectum and anal sphincter while the patient attempts to expel the barium

A

fluoroscopy

112
Q

pt with this disease secrete no acid under basal conditions or after stimulation

A

pernicious anemia

113
Q

pt with these diseases secrete little or no acid

A

gastric ca

114
Q

pt with this disease secrete some acid

A

gastric ulcer

115
Q

pt with this disease usually secrete an excess amount of acid

A

duodenal ulcers

116
Q

given Subcutaneously to stimulate gastric secretion
inform the pt that this injection may produce a flushed feeling

A

histamine or pentagastrin

117
Q

offers the advantage of pH monitoring of the esophagus without the transnasal catheter

A

bravo pH monitoring system

118
Q

peemits direct visualization of the organs and structures within the abdomen permitting visualization and identification of any growths, anomalies and inflammatory processes

A

laparoscopy

MEDSURG - 2 (2 decks)

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