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Immunology Final > Neuroimmunomodulation > Flashcards

Neuroimmunomodulation Flashcards

1
Q

What was the traditional thought of curing disease?

A

Kill the pathogen, don’t harm the host

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2
Q

What is the new strategy on curing disease?

A

Focus on the host, not the pathogen (enhance the ability of the host) aka cytokine theory

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3
Q

Which breaks down proteins created within the cell: MHC I or MHC II?

A

MHC I (endogenous proteins)

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4
Q

Which eats proteins outside of the cell the cell and presents fragments on cell surface: MHC I or MHC II?

A

MHC II

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5
Q

Where do we find PAMPs?

A

In pathogens (not in host)

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6
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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7
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) an example of?

A

PAMPs

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8
Q

What are the functions of the complement system?

A

1 opsonization
2 recruit phagocytes
3 MACs (kill)

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9
Q

What kind of immunities present a dual threat and are both damaging to the host?

A

BOTH insufficient and excessive immunity

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10
Q

What kind of cytokine induces chemotaxis in nearby cells?

A

Chemokines

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11
Q

What kind of cytokine is made by host cells that interfere with pathogens?

A

Interferons

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12
Q

What kind of cytokine was first noticed from WBCs (aka leukocytes)?

A

Interleukins

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13
Q

What kind of cytokine is made by lymphocytes?

A

Lymphokines

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14
Q

What kind of cytokine causes cell death?

A

TNF

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15
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

Small protein used for cell signaling

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16
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A

Relay stations (sensory to motor)

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17
Q

What is the function of sensory neurons?

A

Respond to stimulation

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18
Q

What is the function of motor neurons?

A

Transmit information from CNS to periphery

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19
Q

The systemic release of which cytokine is directly controlled by which major nerve?

A

Vagus

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20
Q

What kind of receptors are seen with sweat glands?

A

Sympathetic cholinergics

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21
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released from preganglionic fibers of both the SNS and PSNS?

A

Ach

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22
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released from postganglionic fibers of the SNS?

A

Norepinephrine

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23
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released from postganglionic fibers of the PSNS?

A

Ach

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24
Q

Which adrenergic receptor is associated with bladder sphincter contraction?

A

Alpha

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25
Q

Which adrenergic receptor is associated with bladder wall relaxation?

A

Beta2

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26
Q

What are the two kinds of aceylcholine receptors?

A

Muscarinic and nicotinic

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27
Q

Where can we find muscarinic receptors?

A

On all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons of either PSNS or SNS

28
Q

Which ach receptor type works with G protein complexes?

A

Muscarinic

29
Q

Where can we find nicotinic receptors?

A

In autonomic ganglia in synapses between pre- and postganglionic neurons (both SNS and PSNS)

30
Q

Which ach receptor type forms ligand-gated ion channels in the neuron membranes?

A

Nicotinic

31
Q

What is the result of ach binding to a nicotinic receptor in skeletal muscle?

A

Ion pore depolarizes the sarcolemma resulting in contraction

32
Q

What is the result of ach binding to a nicotinic receptor in neurons?

A

Ion pore depolarizes the neuron resulting in fast depolarization overall

33
Q

Nicotinic receptors form ion pores and result in depolarization in what areas?

A

Skeletal muscle, neurons

34
Q

Which autonomic reflex discussed is associated with the cardiovascular system in involving the stretch of a vessel inhibiting the SNS?

A

Baroreceptor reflex

35
Q

The autonomic reflex of smelling food is a gastrointestinal response resulting in what kind of stimulation?

A

PSNS (secretion..)

36
Q

The autonomic reflex of the bladder stretching stimulates what response?

A

PSNS (micturition)

37
Q

Mental and physical sexual stimulation as autonomic responses stimulate what response?

A

BOTH PSNS and SNS coordination

38
Q

The vagus nerve is responsible for the conduction of which kind of action potential: afferent or efferent?

A

BOTH :)

39
Q

What brain structures are involved in the relaying of the inflammatory reflex?

A

Brainstem nuclei (receive afferent signal, then send efferent signal back to periphery via vagus)

40
Q

What is the response to the inflammatory reflex?

A

Inhibition of spleen and other cytokine producing organs

41
Q

The inflammatory reflex requires which receptors?

A

Nicotinic alpha7-acetylcholine receptors

42
Q

What happened to animals deficient in either vagus nerve activity or the nicotinic alpha7-acetylcholine receptor subunit when exposed to inflammatory stimuli?

A

Increased sensitivity to inflammatory challenges because they overproduce cytokines (no regulation)

43
Q

What is the source of ach in the inflammatory reflex?

A

CHAT+ cells (choline acytyltransferase)

44
Q

Vagal parasympathetics make up about what percentage of the total PSNS?

A

75%

45
Q

Why is inhibition of the spleen important during an inflammatory reflex?

A

Spleen contains macrophages which release TNF which is proinflammatory

46
Q

The vagus nerve recognizes what cytokine to initiate a fever response?

A

IL-1

47
Q

Activation of nicotinic ach receptors inhibits the production of what substances from macrophages?

A

Pro-inflammatory mediators like TNF, IL-1beta, IL-8, PGE2

48
Q

Activation of nicotinic ach receptors has what effect on mucosal mast cells?

A

Inhibits degranulation and food allergy (inflammatory)

49
Q

What effect does activation of nicotinic ach receptors have on dendritic cells?

A

Decreased production of IL-12 and capacity to induce APC-dependent T-cell responses

50
Q

What effect does activation of nicotinic ach receptors have on B cells?

A

Inhibit migration and antibody release in spleen

51
Q

What effect does activation of nicotinic ach receptors have on both types of T cells?

A

Unknown but probably activation of apoptosis of T cells

52
Q

What effect does activation of nicotinic ach receptors have on neutrophils?

A

Alters superoxide production and chemotaxis

Inhibits migration into areas of inflammation

53
Q

What effect does activation of nicotinic ach receptors have on NK cells?

A

Blunted responses to acute stressors

54
Q

What effect does activation of nicotinic ach receptors have on microglia?

A

Inhibit TNF production

Stimulate COX-2 and synthesis of PGE2

55
Q

Why does nicotine administration result in a 50% reduction in the number of anti-pneumococcal antibody secreting cells in the spleen?

A

Nicotine = cholinergic agonist

56
Q

Heart rate variability is inversely correlated with risk of and poor prognosis in the development of which conditions?

A

Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia

57
Q

Increased heart rate variability is positively correlated with what things?

A

Longevity in cancer, better cognitive performance in Alzheimer’s disease

58
Q

What does heart rate variability depend on, overall?

A

Balance between SNS and PSNS

59
Q

An increase in heart rate variability is associated with increased tone of which: SNS or PSNS?

A

PSNS

60
Q

What relationship was found between chiropractic care and heart rate variability?

A

Those with chiropractic care showed significant improvement in heart rate variability :)

61
Q

What effect does high velocity and low amplitude thoracic spine manipulation have on heart rate variability?

A

Increased HRV :)

62
Q

It is suggested that cervical adjustments may result in the stimulation of which part of the autonomic nervous system? Thoracics? Lumbars?

A

Cervicals - PSNS
Thoracics - SNS
Lumbars - PSNS

63
Q

Spinal manipulation has been shown to have what effect on inflammatory type responses?

A

Down-regulation (mechanism unknown)

64
Q

What happened in the study to patients when adjusted and when IL-2 was added to blood samples?

A

More IgM and IgG synthesis

65
Q

What was the different in saliva samples after osteopathic manipulative treatment compared to the control group?

A

Manipulated group displayed greater increase in post-intervention IgA levels than control group

Immunology Final (6 decks)

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