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Immunology Final > Neuroimmunomodulation > Flashcards

Neuroimmunomodulation Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What was the traditional thought of curing disease?

A

Kill the pathogen, don’t harm the host

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2
Q

What is the new strategy on curing disease?

A

Focus on the host, not the pathogen (enhance the ability of the host) aka cytokine theory

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3
Q

Which breaks down proteins created within the cell: MHC I or MHC II?

A

MHC I (endogenous proteins)

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4
Q

Which eats proteins outside of the cell the cell and presents fragments on cell surface: MHC I or MHC II?

A

MHC II

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5
Q

Where do we find PAMPs?

A

In pathogens (not in host)

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6
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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7
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) an example of?

A

PAMPs

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8
Q

What are the functions of the complement system?

A

1 opsonization
2 recruit phagocytes
3 MACs (kill)

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9
Q

What kind of immunities present a dual threat and are both damaging to the host?

A

BOTH insufficient and excessive immunity

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10
Q

What kind of cytokine induces chemotaxis in nearby cells?

A

Chemokines

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11
Q

What kind of cytokine is made by host cells that interfere with pathogens?

A

Interferons

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12
Q

What kind of cytokine was first noticed from WBCs (aka leukocytes)?

A

Interleukins

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13
Q

What kind of cytokine is made by lymphocytes?

A

Lymphokines

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14
Q

What kind of cytokine causes cell death?

A

TNF

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15
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

Small protein used for cell signaling

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16
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A

Relay stations (sensory to motor)

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17
Q

What is the function of sensory neurons?

A

Respond to stimulation

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18
Q

What is the function of motor neurons?

A

Transmit information from CNS to periphery

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19
Q

The systemic release of which cytokine is directly controlled by which major nerve?

A

Vagus

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20
Q

What kind of receptors are seen with sweat glands?

A

Sympathetic cholinergics

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21
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released from preganglionic fibers of both the SNS and PSNS?

A

Ach

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22
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released from postganglionic fibers of the SNS?

A

Norepinephrine

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23
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released from postganglionic fibers of the PSNS?

A

Ach

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24
Q

Which adrenergic receptor is associated with bladder sphincter contraction?

A

Alpha

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25
Which adrenergic receptor is associated with bladder wall relaxation?
Beta2
26
What are the two kinds of aceylcholine receptors?
Muscarinic and nicotinic
27
Where can we find muscarinic receptors?
On all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons of either PSNS or SNS
28
Which ach receptor type works with G protein complexes?
Muscarinic
29
Where can we find nicotinic receptors?
In autonomic ganglia in synapses between pre- and postganglionic neurons (both SNS and PSNS)
30
Which ach receptor type forms ligand-gated ion channels in the neuron membranes?
Nicotinic
31
What is the result of ach binding to a nicotinic receptor in skeletal muscle?
Ion pore depolarizes the sarcolemma resulting in contraction
32
What is the result of ach binding to a nicotinic receptor in neurons?
Ion pore depolarizes the neuron resulting in fast depolarization overall
33
Nicotinic receptors form ion pores and result in depolarization in what areas?
Skeletal muscle, neurons
34
Which autonomic reflex discussed is associated with the cardiovascular system in involving the stretch of a vessel inhibiting the SNS?
Baroreceptor reflex
35
The autonomic reflex of smelling food is a gastrointestinal response resulting in what kind of stimulation?
PSNS (secretion..)
36
The autonomic reflex of the bladder stretching stimulates what response?
PSNS (micturition)
37
Mental and physical sexual stimulation as autonomic responses stimulate what response?
BOTH PSNS and SNS coordination
38
The vagus nerve is responsible for the conduction of which kind of action potential: afferent or efferent?
BOTH :)
39
What brain structures are involved in the relaying of the inflammatory reflex?
Brainstem nuclei (receive afferent signal, then send efferent signal back to periphery via vagus)
40
What is the response to the inflammatory reflex?
Inhibition of spleen and other cytokine producing organs
41
The inflammatory reflex requires which receptors?
Nicotinic alpha7-acetylcholine receptors
42
What happened to animals deficient in either vagus nerve activity or the nicotinic alpha7-acetylcholine receptor subunit when exposed to inflammatory stimuli?
Increased sensitivity to inflammatory challenges because they overproduce cytokines (no regulation)
43
What is the source of ach in the inflammatory reflex?
CHAT+ cells (choline acytyltransferase)
44
Vagal parasympathetics make up about what percentage of the total PSNS?
75%
45
Why is inhibition of the spleen important during an inflammatory reflex?
Spleen contains macrophages which release TNF which is proinflammatory
46
The vagus nerve recognizes what cytokine to initiate a fever response?
IL-1
47
Activation of nicotinic ach receptors inhibits the production of what substances from macrophages?
Pro-inflammatory mediators like TNF, IL-1beta, IL-8, PGE2
48
Activation of nicotinic ach receptors has what effect on mucosal mast cells?
Inhibits degranulation and food allergy (inflammatory)
49
What effect does activation of nicotinic ach receptors have on dendritic cells?
Decreased production of IL-12 and capacity to induce APC-dependent T-cell responses
50
What effect does activation of nicotinic ach receptors have on B cells?
Inhibit migration and antibody release in spleen
51
What effect does activation of nicotinic ach receptors have on both types of T cells?
Unknown but probably activation of apoptosis of T cells
52
What effect does activation of nicotinic ach receptors have on neutrophils?
Alters superoxide production and chemotaxis | Inhibits migration into areas of inflammation
53
What effect does activation of nicotinic ach receptors have on NK cells?
Blunted responses to acute stressors
54
What effect does activation of nicotinic ach receptors have on microglia?
Inhibit TNF production | Stimulate COX-2 and synthesis of PGE2
55
Why does nicotine administration result in a 50% reduction in the number of anti-pneumococcal antibody secreting cells in the spleen?
Nicotine = cholinergic agonist
56
Heart rate variability is inversely correlated with risk of and poor prognosis in the development of which conditions?
Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia
57
Increased heart rate variability is positively correlated with what things?
Longevity in cancer, better cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease
58
What does heart rate variability depend on, overall?
Balance between SNS and PSNS
59
An increase in heart rate variability is associated with increased tone of which: SNS or PSNS?
PSNS
60
What relationship was found between chiropractic care and heart rate variability?
Those with chiropractic care showed significant improvement in heart rate variability :)
61
What effect does high velocity and low amplitude thoracic spine manipulation have on heart rate variability?
Increased HRV :)
62
It is suggested that cervical adjustments may result in the stimulation of which part of the autonomic nervous system? Thoracics? Lumbars?
Cervicals - PSNS Thoracics - SNS Lumbars - PSNS
63
Spinal manipulation has been shown to have what effect on inflammatory type responses?
Down-regulation (mechanism unknown)
64
What happened in the study to patients when adjusted and when IL-2 was added to blood samples?
More IgM and IgG synthesis
65
What was the different in saliva samples after osteopathic manipulative treatment compared to the control group?
Manipulated group displayed greater increase in post-intervention IgA levels than control group

Immunology Final (6 decks)

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