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Immunology Final > Hypersensitivities > Flashcards

Hypersensitivities Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of immune response is immediate and associated with allergies?

A

Type I

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2
Q

Which type of immune response is immune complex mediated?

A

Type III

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3
Q

Which type of immune response is T cell-mediated (example = poison ivy)?

A

Type IV

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4
Q

Which type of immune response is antibody mediated?

A

Technically Types I-III, but specifically Type II

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5
Q

Which antibody is associated with Type I hypersensitivity?

A

IgE

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6
Q

Which antibody is associated with Type II hypersensitivity?

A

IgM and/or IgG

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7
Q

Which antibody is associated with Type III hypersensitivity?

A

Usually IgM and/or IgG

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8
Q

Which antibody is associated with Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

NONE :)

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9
Q

What cells are associated with Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

T cells

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10
Q

What thing do all forms of hypersensitivity require?

A

Prior exposure to the antigen

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11
Q

What is the result of prolonged or repeated exposure to an antigen?

A

Tissue damage

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12
Q

How is the immune response to the antigen unique in hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Excessive or inappropriate

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13
Q

What kinds of antigens can be targeted by hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Both self antigens or foreign antigens

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14
Q

What results from a hypersensitivity reaction targeting self antigens?

A

Autoimmune disease

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15
Q

Type I hypersensitivites occur within what kind of time frame after antigen exposure?

A

Within minutes or hours

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16
Q

What is usually the term for the antigens involved in Type I hypersensitivities?

A

Allergens

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17
Q

About what percentage of the population suffers from Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A

54%

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18
Q

What are the chain of events of an allergic reaction?

A 
1 allergen enters body
2 APC eats it
3 APC presents peptides on MHC II
4 helper T cells are activated
5 helper T cells activate B cells (plasma cells) specific to antigen
6 B cells make IgE
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19
Q

The activated helper T cells in an allergic response differentiate into which bias subtype?

A

Th2 (strong response)

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20
Q

What cytokines cause the antibody class switching to IgE?

A

IL-4 and IL-13

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21
Q

How long do IgE antibodies live in the blood?

A

About a day

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22
Q

In what circumstance do IgE antibodies have a half life of several weeks?

A

When attached to mast cells

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23
Q

Why is it common for a person to not have an initial allergic reaction to the first exposure of an antigen?

A

Takes a while for IgE antibodies to accumulate and load onto mast cells

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24
Q

What specific part of the IgE antibodies have a high binding affinity to mast cells?

A

Fc regions

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25
Q

Where are mast cells found in the body?

A

Everywhere

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26
Q

Which exposure to an allergen will activate mast cells?

A

Second

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27
Q

What is the result of multiple allergens binding to IgE antibodies on mast cells (clustering)?

A

Mast cell degranulation and release of “chemistry”

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28
Q

What is included in the immediate early phase of chemistry released by mast cells during an allergic reaction?

A

Vasoactive amines (ex. = histamine), proteases, prostaglandins

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29
Q

What is included in the late phase of chemistry released by mast cells (6-24 hours)?

A

IL-4 and TNF pull in other WBCs like neutrophils and eosinophils

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30
Q

What is the order in which these cells respond to an allergic reaction: basophils, mast cells, eosinophils?

A 
1 mast cells (immediate response)
2 basophils (rapid response)
3 eosinophils (delayed response)
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31
Q

Where do basophils come from during an allergic response?

A

Brought into tissue from blood by signals sent by mast cells

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32
Q

Where do eosinophils come from during an allergic response?

A

Recruited from bone marrow (T helper secreting IL-5)

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33
Q

Which cell type plays a prominent player in chronic allergic reactions: mast cells, basophils, eosinophils?

A

Eosinophils

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34
Q

Which cells involved in an allergic response exhibit degranulation?

A

Mast cells and basophils

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35
Q

Which cells involved in an allergic response have receptors for IgE?

A

Mast cells and basophils

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36
Q

What is the term for allergic people?

A

Atopic individuals

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37
Q

What antibodies are mainly produced by non-atopic individuals (non-allergic people)?

38
Q

What kind of people produce large quantities of IgE antibodies?

A

Atopic (IgE blood levels can be 1000 to 10,000X greater)

39
Q

What respiratory condition is coupled with allergies a lot of the time?

40
Q

The placenta makes a lot of which cytokine?

41
Q

What is the function of IL-4?

A

Makes helper T cells become Th2 cells

42
Q

Why do atopic individuals produce IgE antibodies?

A

Because their allergen-specific helper T cells tend to be of theTh2 type

43
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

A

Theory that the increase of allergies in society is due to the reduction in exposure to microbes in the first years of life

44
Q

When exposed to allergens or microbial infections early in life, the immune system is suspected to bias toward what type of helper T cells?

A

Th1 (aka less allergy potential)

45
Q

In Type II hypersensitivity reactions, to where do antibodies (IgM or IgG) bind?

A

Surface of cells (cell membrane) or ECM

46
Q

What are the means of destruction with Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Antibody-mediated cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Complement system
Functional derangements

47
Q

Which WBCs bind to cells with IgG or IgM antibodies?

A

Monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and NK cells

48
Q

Which form of destruction of Type II hypersensitivity reactions is complement-independent?

49
Q

Which antibody types are good at fixing complement?

A

IgM and IgG

50
Q

What is the function of the products of the complement proteins?

A

Activate macrophages and neutrophils

51
Q

Can antibodies act as agonists or antagonists to cell receptors?

52
Q

Myasthenia gravis and pernicious anemia are examples of what type of hypersensitivity?

53
Q

What is the mechanism of destruction for Myasthenia gravis?

A

Antibodies act as competitive antagonists to acetylcholine within the neuromuscular junction

54
Q

What is the mechanism of destruction for pernicious anemia?

A

Antibodies react with intrinsic factor not permitting absorption of cobalamin (B12)

55
Q

Is inflammation always present with Type II hypersensitivities?

A

May occur with or without inflammation

56
Q

What occurs with hemolytic anemias?

A

1 antibodies bind to CHO or proteins on RBCs
2 RBCs are phagocytized
3 RBCs quickly lysed

57
Q

A blood transfusion mismatch is an example of what condition and what type of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Hemolytic anemia; Type II hypersensitivity

58
Q

What occurs with molecular mimicry?

A

Lymphocytes are activated by non-self that look similar to “self”, then lymphocytes attack both self and non-self

59
Q

Do BCRs and TCRs usually recognize just one antigen?

A

Rarely; usually multiple with different affinities

60
Q

What two guards prevent self-reactive lymphocytes from becoming active and dangerous?

A

1 receptor affinity too low to trigger activation

2 restricted traffic patterns prevent them from encountering self-antigen

61
Q

In Rheumatic Heart Disease, the helper T cells from a strep throat infect cross-react with what?

A

Protein present on mitral valve of heart

62
Q

What is the result from the cross-reaction between helper T cells from strep throat at the proteins present on the mitral valve?

A

Inflammatory attack on heart

63
Q

What is the term for the result of deposition of antibodies and antigens complexes into vascular walls? Other tissues?

A

Vasculitis; arthritis

64
Q

What kind of structures accumulate more antibody-antigen complexes leading to more inflammation due to a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Small blood vessels under higher pressures (kidneys, joints)

65
Q

What is the term for localized Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Arthus reactions

66
Q

What gender is primarily affected by SLE (lupus)?

A

Women (90%)

67
Q

What parts of the body are targeted by lupus?

A

Lungs, joints, kidneys

68
Q

Lupus is associated with intolerance of which cells?

A

B and T cells

69
Q

Lupus is an example of what kind of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Type III (complex formed by antibodies)

70
Q

What are the two types of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH)

Cell mediated cytotoxicity

71
Q

What type of helper T cells are associated with delayed type hypersensitivity (Type IV)?

A

Mediated by CD4 helper T cells (Th1 and Th17 cells)

72
Q

What type of helper T cells are associated with cell-mediated cytotoxicity (Type IV)?

A

Mediated by CD8 killer T cells

73
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction does NOT involved antibodies?

74
Q

What kinds of things can trigger Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Bacteria, fungi, viruses

75
Q

Contact dermatitis, poison ivy, Crohn’s disease, type I diabetes, and MS are all examples of which type of specific hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (Type IV)

76
Q

What cytokine is associated with Delayed Type Hypersensitivity?

A

INF-gamma secreted by Th1 cells

77
Q

What cells are responsible for the majority of the damage caused by DTH (Type IV hypersensitivity) reactions/

A

Macrophages (stimulated by INF-gamma)

78
Q

What causes fibrosis seen in DTH?

A

Stimulation of fibroblasts by macrophages thus leading to fibrosis

79
Q

What type of cells attack the pancreatic beta cells in Type I diabetes?

80
Q

What is the target of MS?

A

Myelin basic protein

81
Q

T cells isolated from MS patients can also recognize peptides derived from proteins encoded by what two viruses?

A

Herpes simplex and Epstein-Barr

82
Q

What is the strong genetic protein associated with MS?

A

MHC II gene

83
Q

What substances are used by killer T cells to kill cells displaying foreign antigens?

A

Perforin or granzyme B

84
Q

What is the major reason why organ transplants are rejected?

A

Killer T cells release INF-gamma to activate macrophages to induce fibrosis (Cell-mediated cytotoxicity)

85
Q

Viral hepatitis is an example of what specific hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (Type IV)

86
Q

Where does inflammation take place with a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?

A

At sites of deposition of immune complexes

87
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

88
Q

Chronic transplant rejection is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

DTH (Type IV)

89
Q

What does Human Immunodeficiency Virus Number 1 infect?

A

Helper T cells beneath rectal or vaginal mucosa

90
Q

The HIV number 1 docks on what proteins?

91
Q

What happens to the immune system with an HIV infection?

A

Immunosuppression, susceptibility to infections that normally aren’t an issue

Immunology Final (6 decks)

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