Neuroimaging Techniques Flashcards
what are the 4 tools used in x-rays
- conventional radiography
- pneumoencephalography
- angiography
- computed tomography (CT)
what are the 3 tools used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- structural MRI (sMRI)
- diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
- magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
why is conventional radiography Not primary method for visualizing brain abnormalities
- because you unable to locate and distinguish between white/grey matter in the scans
describe conventional radiography
- x rays pass through the skull or body
- a showdown image shows locations of different tissues
- skull for fractures
- brain for gross abnormalities
- physical fractures
describe pneumoencephalography
- small amount of CSF is removed from spinal cord and replaced with air
- x ray is taken as the air moved up the spinal cord and into the brain
- very painful and invasive
why use pneumoencephalography
- able to tell us the relationship between large structures and abnormalities
1. hydrocephalus
2. mass lesions
3. atrophic states of the brain tissues.
describe angiography
- substance that is absorbed by x rays is injected into the blood stream
- method for imaging of the blood vessels in the brain
- tells us how the blood vessels are moving the blood
- stroke and any heart diseases
describe computed tomography (CT scans)
- narrow x ray beam that goes through the same object at many angles
- 3D image of the brain
- can localize brain tumours and lesions as they come up darker in the image
- skull is white and ventricles are dark
- UNABLE to distinguish between white and grey matter; appearance looks similar
- NOT harmful; injected at small doses
describe the magnetic resonance imaging
- large magnet and a radiofreqency pulse that generates a signal through the brain that produces an image
- hydrogen atoms nucleus consists of a single proton that align in the magnet (all moving in the same direction)
- proton density varies in different brain tissues; electrical currents differ
- CAN see the difference between grey and white matter
- extremely magnetic and powerful
discuss about the MRI T and
- higher the number = the stronger the strength and more detailed the image will be
- 1.5T is the most common and most widely available
- 7T great for cutting edge crisp image but not widely available
what is the difference between T1 weight and T2 weight
- T1w is great for anatomical detail
- T2w is great for detecting fluid filled structures and edema
what is the difference between MRI and CT scans
MRI
- abnormal tissue based
- uses strong magnetic fields
- inflammation
- torn ligaments
- nerve and spinal problems
- soft tissues
CT scans
- physical bones and skull based
- uses x rays
- bone and joint issues
- blood clots
- organ injuries,
describe diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
- detects the movements of water molecules to create virtual images of brains nerve fiber pathways
- water molecules in nerve fibers follows the tract orientation moving in the direction of its longitudinal axis
- pathways between regions
- connectivity and tracts
- magnetic field used to get this type of image
- e.g. broca vs wernickes area
why use DTI
- can study the structural connectivity between different brain regions
- understand neural pathways
- can detect abnormalities in neural pathways
- identify changes in fiber myelination
- has low signal to noise ratio
what are the 2 outcomes found in DTI
what do we want?
- fractional anisotropy (FA)
- mean diffusivity
we want high FA value and low MD value
mean diffusivity (MD)
reflects the average magnitude of water diffusion and displacement
fractional anisotropy (FA)
reflects the directionality of water diffusion and displacement
describe magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
- method used to examine development, function, and disease
- varies the radio frequency used for aligning the hydrogen protons
- has limited spatial resolution and requires high concentration of the metabolite of interest to be reliably detected
what can MRS detect (3)
- abnormalities in brain metabolism
- brain cell loss in degenerative disease
- loss of myelin in demyelinating disease such as MS
what are the 2 tools used in brains electrical activity
- electroencephalography (EEG)
- event related potentials (ERPs)
what are the 3 groups of functional techniques
- brains electrical activity
- dynamic brain imaging
- brain’s magnetic activity
what are the 3 parts of dynamic brain imaging
- position emission tomography
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
- optical tomography
what is the one tool used in brain’s magnetic activity
magnetoencephalograohy (MEG)
what are the 5 reasons why our brain patterns may change
- concentrated
- sleep
- sleeping
- resting
- active