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Neuropsychology > NeuroImaging > Flashcards

NeuroImaging Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three structural imaging techniques?

A
  • CAT SCAN
  • MRI SCAN
  • DTI

These scans can tell us about structural integrity but nothing about function

Structure won’t change unless substantial injury

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2
Q

What are the techniques provide Functional and Metabolic Images?

A
  • PET Scans

- FMRI Scans

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3
Q

What Techniques measure the Brain’s Electrical/Magnetic Activity?

A
  • EEG
  • ERPs
  • MEG
  • ERF

Do not provide a lot of information on neuroanatomy but a lot about temporal Activity

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4
Q

What techniques alter Brain Activity?

A
  • TMS
  • TEM

Note: Changes are temporary

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5
Q

Skull X-ray

A

STRUCTURAL IMAGE

-NO information on brain

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6
Q

CAT SCAN

A
  • Uses X Ray Technology to provide Horizontal 2D Scans
  • Shows variation of density in tissue
  • Injuries will show density alterations in to the brain
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7
Q

What are some Advantages and Disadvantages to CAT SCANS

A

ADVANTAGES

  • Visualize brain structure
  • Visualize Cortical and subcortical areas
  • Visualize pathological changes that alter density

DISADVANTAGES

  • Exposure to Radiation
  • Spatial Resolution is not that great “average”
  • Only shows pathological changes that alter density
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8
Q

What are some ADVANTAGES to MRI SCAN?

A
  • Fast
  • No radiation
  • Better spatial resolution than Cat Scan
  • Can differentiate between Gray and White matter.
  • Provides more visual angles
  • Can visualize cortical atrophy
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9
Q

What is an MRI SCAN?

A

STRUCTURAL IMAGE

A structural 3D image that uses water’s magnetic properties to provide spatial information of the brain.

Changes in Relaxation time of atoms can provide pathological measurement

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10
Q

What are some disadvantages to an MRI SCAN?

A
  • It’s a loud, narrow unpleasant tube,
  • Claustrophobia
  • Can trigger seizures
  • GIANT MAGNET: not safe for metals and pacemakers
  • EXPENSIVE
  • Not available in all hospitals
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11
Q

DTI

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

A

STUCTURAL IMAGE

Reveals structures of the white matter pathways

Measures diffusion of water molecules

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12
Q

What are some advantages/disadvantages of DTI

A

Advantages
-Provides direction and integrity of the white matter pathways.

DISADVANTAGE
-Can give false positives/negatives

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13
Q

What is the principle of Metabolic Measures?

A

Greater neural activity leads to higher metabolic function

Metabolic techniques provide Indirect measurements of brain activity.

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14
Q

PET SCANS

A

METABOLIC/FUNCTIONAL IMAGE

Requires injection or inhalation of a radioactive isotope.

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15
Q

What are some PET SCAN Advantages?

A
  • localize metabolic activity
  • look @ different substances
  • View functional lesions
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16
Q

What are some DISADVANTAGES to PET SCANS?

A
  • INVASIVE
  • RADIOACTIVE
  • Temporal resolution is not great
  • Spatial resolution is not great
17
Q

FMRI

Functional Magnetek Resonance Imaging

A

METABOLIC/FUNCTIONAL IMAGE

  • Shows brain areas whose activity change together during a task.
  • Temporal Resolution: 1 second
  • Detects BOLD
18
Q

What is BOLD?

A

Ratio of oxygenated/deoxygenated blood.

oxygenated blood increases to more activated areas

19
Q

What are some advantages to FMRI?

A
  • Good measure of brain activity
  • Not invasive
  • Widely Available
  • Spatial & Temporal Resolution better than PET
  • Allows exploration of brain networks
20
Q

What are some disadvantages to FMRI?

A
  • Temporal resolution is not as great as we want it
  • Not safe for metal and pacemakers
  • Takes about an hour
  • Need cooperation of patients
21
Q

What is EEG?

A

Electrical Measurements

Electrodes mesure electric and cortical activity

Changes is person is sleeping or awake.

Not Invasive

22
Q

What are ERP

(Event Related Potentials?

A

A rather boring test that provide EXCELLENT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION.

“Average” of many trails gets rid of randomized activity

23
Q

What are some Advantages/Disadvantages to ERP?

A

ADVANTAGES

  • Great Temporal Resolution (over ms))
  • Measurements can be done without activity.

DISADVANTAGES

  • Time locked to stimulaus
  • Prone to artifacts
  • Do not know localization.
24
Q

MEG (megnetoencephalograpy)

A

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS

Active neurons produce small magnetic fields.

Magnetic fields not distorted

Good source of localization.

EXPENSIVE

25
Q

What are some advantages/disadvantages to MEG

A

Advantages:

  • BEST TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
  • Non Invasive

Disadvantage:

  • Huge Massive Technology
  • Expensive
26
Q

Transcranial MAGNETIC Resolution (TMR)

A

Magnetically alter brain.

  • induce electrical current in cortex.
  • Unnatural Action Potentials
  • Potential treatment for depression & mental disorders
  • Reveals areas necessary for tasks
  • Can disrupt or produce behavior
  • Produce “Virtual Patients”
27
Q

TEM

A

Electrical stimulation

Produces electrical current in brain

Often enhances/improves behavior

Does NOT produce action potentials

28
Q

What are some Advantages/Disadvantages to TMS/TEM

A

Advantages

  • Virtual patients
  • Localization
  • Promising treatment

TMS provides better resolution than TES

Disadvantages:
-Changes do not last if using for treatment.

Neuropsychology (4 decks)

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