Neuroimaging

Question 1

what is the leading cause of disability in higher income countries

Answer 1

unipolar depression
CV disease
dementia
alcohol use

Question 2

MRI uses

Answer 2

physiology
impact of drugs
hormones

Question 3

pros and cons of MRI

Answer 3

expensive
safe

Question 4

uses of CT scans

Answer 4

used in response to trauma

Question 5

MRI

Answer 5

observe tissue loss/risk of AD (tissue loss occurs prior to AD clinical symptoms)
1mm resolution

Question 6

motion insensitive imaging

Answer 6

movement (due to ADHD/psychotic episode) causes blurred images
uses reference point

Question 7

conditions which increase/decrease hippocampal volume

Answer 7

increase: bipolar
decrease: PTSD/major depression/schizophrenia/AD

Question 8

schizophrenia volume changes

Answer 8

increases lateral ventricle/putamen volume
decreases amygdala/grey matter area

Question 9

AD MRI

Answer 9

increases in grey matter
predict who gets AD
66% accuracy of structural MRI

Question 10

ARMS

Answer 10

at risk mental state can develop into psychosis
increased seizures causes increases risk of brain damages
ARMS-T (transition)
ARMS-NT (no transition)

Question 11

diagnosis of movement disorders

Answer 11

PD (aggressive)
multiple systems atrophy (MSA)
progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
92% diagnosis accuracy

Question 12

MRI is translational

Answer 12

can be used in rodents (more expensive equipment, increased magnetic current)
produce spinecho1
40 slices @ 400um
can be used to compare AB burden

Question 13

MRI for spinal cord

Answer 13

image multiple sclerosis rodent models
MS lesions appear in SC
image water signals in the brain - water binds to myelin sheath in axons

Question 14

understanding demyelinating disorders

Answer 14

demyelination occurs in later life/ early life myelination occurs
frontal cortex is the last area to myelinate
develop silent mRNA

Question 15

MRI signal

Answer 15

brighter signal = more anisotropic activity
view where white matter tracts flow

Question 16

stroke in females and males

Answer 16

loss of language ability/aphasia
females have higher bilateral language networks vs males (females have better recovery)

Question 17

stroke lesion size

Answer 17

larger lesion - greater effect of stroke
MCAo - similar to ketamine
MK801 perfusion MR imaging shows smaller perfusion/infarction - increased chances of survival
poor perfusion - less chances of survival
give aspirin/surgical intervention/SC therapy to repair lesion

Question 18

use of proton MR spectroscopy

Answer 18

analyse brain chemistry (choline/creatinine levels)
develop non-DA schizophrenia therapy

Question 19

BOLD in fMRI

Answer 19

blood oxygenation level uses haemoglobin
after deoxygenated - becomes MR sensitive
function brain activity during task

Question 20

pain matrix

Answer 20

sensory discriminative - intensity site
cognitive evaluative - attention/anticipation
affective motivational - emotional valence

Question 21

cognitive impairment risk

Answer 21

lower cognition means a greater risk of developing a psychiatric condition

Question 22

how to assess cognition

Answer 22

morris water maze
neocortical lesion - no effect
hippocampal lesion - longer time and distance to podium

virtual arena task

Question 23

opioid addiction

Answer 23

monetary incentive delay task
analyse hedonic/reward network
areas activated: occipital/motor cortex, N.accumbens, caudate, insula, thalamus, thalamus, dorsal midbrain

Question 24

arterial spin labelling cASL

Answer 24

used to quantify CBF changes in drugs/ageing/stroke