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P1: Endo > Neuroendocrinology > Flashcards

Neuroendocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a hormone?

A

→ a cell secretes a hormone
→ not targeted
→ has an effect on target cells depending on whether they have the receptor or not

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2
Q

How do neurotransmitters work?

A

→ nerve cell secretes NTs
→ across a spatially restricted area
→ acts on an effector cell

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3
Q

What is paracrine secretions?

A

→ secreted from cells

→ exerts effects at local interstitial fluid

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4
Q

What is autocrine signalling?

A

→ The cell has receptors for a hormone that it secretes

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5
Q

What are neuroendocrine cells?

A

→ neurosecretory cells that release signal molecules from their synaptic terminals into the blood

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6
Q

What are neuroendocrine cells controlled by?

A

→ synaptic transmission from presynaptic neurons

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7
Q

What are 3 examples of neuroendocrine cells?

A

→ chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
→ hypothalamic magnocellular neurons
→ hypothalamic parvocellular neurons

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8
Q

How does neuroendocrine transmission work?

A

→ Nerve cell releases NT
→ NT acts on a neuroendocrine cell
→ Releases a signalling molecule from axonal end
→ it doesn’t synapse
→ terminals target capillaries
→ substance diffuses and acts as a hormone

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9
Q

What is the pituitary made from?

A

→ 2 independent structures

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10
Q

How does the pituitary form in the embryo?

A

→ Evagination of the floor of 3rd ventricle
→ Evagination of oral ectoderm
→ Rathkes pouch pinched off

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11
Q

What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary an extension of?

A

→ The hypothalamus

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12
Q

What are the two nuclei of the hypothalamus?

A

→ Parvocellular nuclei

→ Magnocellular nuclei

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13
Q

Where do the parvocellular nuclei project to?

A 
→ small neurons with small axons
→ project to the median emininence
→ release hormones to the capillary network
→ carried by hypophyseal portal veins
→ to anterior pituitary
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14
Q

What is the posterior pituitary supplied and drained by?

A

→ Inferior hypophyseal artery

→ Inferior hypophyseal vein

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15
Q

What is the anterior pituitary supplied and drained by?

A

→ Superior hypophyseal artery
→ forms a network at the base of the hypothalamus
→ Portal veins - a second capillary network

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16
Q

Where do the magnocellular nuclei project ?

A

→ Project to the posterior pituitary

→ release capillaries supplied by inferior hypophyseal artery

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17
Q

What is the pathway of ADH?

A

→ Synthesized in the magnocellular nuclei
→ packaged into vesicles and transported along the axons
→ stored in axon terminals
→ released into the hypophyseal capillaries

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18
Q

What kind of hormones do the parvocellular nuclei release?

A

Trophic hormones

→ Hormone releasing hormones

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19
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

→ Oxytocin

→ ADH

20
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A 
→ TSH
→ ACTH
→ FSH + LH
→ Growth hormone
→ Prolactin
→ Endorphins
21
Q

How does ADH get regulated?

A

→ Sensory neurons in the hypothalamus detect changes in ECF osmolality
→ passed on to magnocellular neurons (supraoptic)
→ increase or decrease in firing of magnocellular neurons
→ + or - in the release of ADH into the posterior pituitary

22
Q

Describe the cascade of TRH

A

→ Hypothalamic hormone TRH
→ changed into TSH in the anterior pituitary
→ stimulates thyroid
→ thyroid produces thyroid hormones

23
Q

Where are the parvocellular and magnocellular nuclei found?

A

→ in the hypothalamus

24
Q

What is the brain dependent on?

A

→ obligatory dependent on glucose

25
Q

In the absence of circulating glucose where does glucose come from?

A

→ glycogen stores

26
Q

When glycogen runs out where does glucose come from?

A

→ Gluconeogenesis

27
Q

What does growth hormone stimulate?

A

→ Lipolysis
→ Promotes release of fatty acids
→ so tissues use fat
→ glucose can be used in the brain

28
Q

What are the 7 factors that stimulate growth hormone?

A 
→ GHRH
→ Ghrelin- secreted by endocrine cells of the stomach
→ Hypoglycaemia
→ Decreased fatty acids
→ Fasting
→ Exercise, sleep highest at night
→ stress
29
Q

What is ghrelin and where is it released from?

A

→ Hunger hormone

→ Released by endocrine cells of the stomach

30
Q

What are the 5 factors that inhibit growth hormone?

A

→ Somatostatin , from hypothalamic parvocellular neuroendocrine cells
→ GH
→ Hyperglycemia
→ Increased fatty acids
→ IGF-1- released by liver in response to GH

31
Q

What are somatotropes?

A

→ endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary that secrete GH

32
Q

How does IGF get produced?

A

→ GH released from somatotropes
→ GH acts on liver and increases gluconeogenesis
→ Increases IGF

33
Q

What does IGF from the liver promote?

A

→ Increase somatic cell growth
→ Increase chondrocyte function (cartilage in bones)
→ Increase bone modelling

34
Q

What does GH do in the muscle?

A

→ Increases protein synthesis

35
Q

What does GH do in adipose tissue?

A

→ Promotes lipolysis so does fat can be used for energy and glucose can be stored and used for the brain
Muscle protein is not then needed for gluconeogenesis.

36
Q

What are GH concentrations like during life?

A

→ birth is low
→ increases and stays constant at childhood
→ Increases dramatically during puberty
→ decline during adult life and old age

37
Q

What does GH deficiency during childhood result in?

A

→ dwarfism

38
Q

What is the condition with excess hormone called?

A

→ Acromegaly

39
Q

What is acromegaly caused by?

A

→ pituitary adenoma

40
Q

What are metabolic effects of acromegaly?

A

→ Insulin resistance
→ Impaired glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia
→dyslipidaemia
→hypertriglyceridemia due to inhibition of lipoprotein lipase

41
Q

What doe supraoptic nucleus contain?

A

magnocellular neurones

42
Q

Where does oxytocin and vasopressin release into?

A

hypophysial capillaries, inferior hypophysial vein

43
Q

Where do the cell bodies of oxytocin cells lie?

A

mainly in the supraoptic and paraventricular in the hypothalamus

44
Q

Where is the anterior part derived from?

A

up growth from the oral ectoderm of the primitive oral cavity called Rathke’s pouch

45
Q

Where is the origin of the posterior part of the pituitary?

A

→origins in nervous tissue.

→It is formed from a downgrowth of the diencephalon that forms the floor of the third ventricle.

46
Q

What is the difference between GH levels in older adults and younger adults?

A

Older adults have much smaller levels than young adults

P1: Endo (12 decks)

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