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P1: Endo > Introduction to the Endocrine System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major endocrine glands?

A 
→ Hypothalamus
→ Pituitary
→ Thyroid
→ Adrenal cortex
→ Gonads
→ Pancreas
→ Parathyroid glands
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2
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

→ Releases and inhibits hormones

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3
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary and what hormones do they secrete?

A

→ Anterior - trophic hormones (growth)

→ Posterior - oxytocin & vasopressin

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4
Q

What hormones does the thyroid secrete?

A

→ Thyroxine T4

→ tri-iodothyronine T3

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5
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland and what do they secrete?

A

→ Cortex - cortisol + aldosterone

→ Medulla - adrenaline/noradrenaline

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6
Q

What hormones do the gonads produce?

A

→ Estrogens
→ Androgens
→ Progestagens

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7
Q

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

A

→ Insulin

→ Glucagon

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8
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid gland release?

A

→ Parathyroid hormone

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9
Q

What are other hormones that are important?

A 
→ EPO + vit. D (hormone)
→ ANP, endothelins (CVS)
→ Melatonin (Pineal gland)
→ Thymic hormones (thymus)
→ phosphate (bones)
→ Leptin (adipose tissue)
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10
Q

What is endocrine signalling?

A

→ hormones released into circulation and acting on distant target sites

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11
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A

→ Hormones released by endocrine cells that act locally on adjacent cells

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12
Q

What is autocrine signalling?

A

→ Hormones released by a cell which acts on itself

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13
Q

What is intracrine signalling?

A

→ Conversion of an inactive hormones to an active hormone that acts within that cell

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14
Q

What are the three general functions of hormones?

A

→ Reproduction, growth and development
→ Maintenance of internal environment
→ Energy production, utilization and storage

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15
Q

What are the hormones involved in reproduction, growth and development?

A

→ Sex steroids, thyroid hormones, prolactin, growth hormone

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16
Q

What are the hormones involved in maintenance of the internal environment?

A

→ Aldosterone
→ Parathyroid hormone
→ Vit. D

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17
Q

What are the hormones involved in energy production, utilization and storage?

A 
→ Insulin
→ Glucagon
→ Thyroid hormones
→ Cortisol
→ Growth hormone
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18
Q

What are protein/peptide hormones?

A

→ hypothalamic
→ pituitary
→ Insulin, PTH, calcitonin

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19
Q

What are steroid (cholesterol) hormones?

A

→ Cortisol
→ Aldosterone

→ estrogens
→ Androgens
→ Progestagens

→ Vit. D

20
Q

What are amino acid derivatives ( tyrosine/tryptophan) hormones?

A

→Adrenaline
→ Noradrenaline
→ Thyroid hormones
→ Melatonin

21
Q

WHat are fatty acid derivative hormones?

A

→ Prostaglandins
→ Thromboxanes
→ Prostacyclins

22
Q

What are protein and peptide hormones secreted as?

A

→ Prohormones

23
Q

Why are there similarities within peptide hormones?

A

→ Common ancestral gene

24
Q

How is cholesterol formed?

A

→ Steroid nucleus

→ Carbon 20 the molecule gets cleaved and the backbone form

25
Q

What is the half life of protein and peptide hormones and how are they transported?

A

→ HL : minutes

→ Transport : unbound

26
Q

What is the half life of tyrosine derivatives and how are they transported?

A

→ HL: Seconds - Hours
The iodination affects the half life and solubility- thyroid hormones so their t1/2 is hours

→ Transport : Thyroid hormones are bound to plasma proteins

27
Q

What is the half life of cholesterol derivatives and how are they transported?

A

→ HL: Hours- days

→ Transport : Bound to plasma proteins

28
Q

What is the neuroendocrine integration?

A

→ Nerves
→ Hormones
→ Effector organs

29
Q

Describe the hypothalamic -pituitary axis?

A

→ Hypothalamus - releases neurohormones
→ Goes to pituitary gland
→ Pituitary gland releases TSH, FSH, ACTH
→Stimulates the endocrine organs

30
Q

What does corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) stimulate?

A

→ Released from hypothalamus

→ acts to increase adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in the anterior pituitary

31
Q

What does thyroid releasing hormone stimulate?

A

→ TRH increases TSH in anterior pituitary

32
Q

What does GnRH stimulate and where?

A

→ GnRH from the hypothalamus (gonadotrophin releasing hormone) increases LH and FSH in anterior pituitary

33
Q

What does dopamine inhibit and where?

A

→ Dopamine from hypothalamus decreases prolactin in anterior pituitary

34
Q

What does GHRH stimulate and where?

A

→ GHRH from hypothalamus (growth hormone releasing hormone) stimulates GH in anterior pituitary

35
Q

What does GHIH inhibit and where?

A

→ GHIH from hypothalamus ( growth hormone inhibiting hormone) inhibits GH in anterior pituitary

36
Q

How does feedback control of hormone synthesis work?

A

→ Negative feedback

37
Q

How are hormones released?

A 
→ Pulsatile release
→ Circadian
→ Diurnal
→ Monthly
→ Annual
38
Q

What hormone rises when you sleep?

A

→ Growth hormone

39
Q

What hormone is independent of the diurnal variation?

A

→ Cortisol

40
Q

What are the 4 disorders of the endocrine system?

A

→ Excess or deficiency
→ Impaired synthesis
→ Transport and metabolism of hormones
→ Resistance to hormone action

41
Q

What is excess growth hormone called?

A

→ Acromegaly

Prominent features

42
Q

What are other diseases that are regulated by cortisol?

A

→ Addisons - lack

→ Cushings - excess

43
Q

What does cortisol regulate in the body?

A

→ Gluconeogenesis
→ Protein mobilization
→ Fat mobilization
→ Anti-inflammatory effects

44
Q

What is complete resistance to circulating androgens called?

A

→ Testicular feminization

45
Q

What is vitamin D resistance called?

A

→ Rickets

46
Q

What are magnocellular cells?

A

in the hypothalamus synthesise and release posterior pituitary hormones

47
Q

What is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland?

A

→ Neuroendocrine neurons in the hypothalamus project axons to the median eminence, at the base of the brain.
→ these neurons can release substances into the small blood vessels that travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland (the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal vessels).​

→ The posterior pituitary consists mainly of neuronal projections ( axons ) extending from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
→ These axons release peptide hormones into the capillaries of the hypophyseal circulation. ​

P1: Endo (12 decks)

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