Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

Neurodevelopmental disorders onset

Answer 1

Manifest early in development often before the child enters grade school, and before 18

Question 2

Intellectual disability diagnostic criteria

Answer 2

A.deficit in intellectual functions(reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgement, academic learning.
B.deficits in adaptive functioning (failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility
C.onset of deficits in developmental period before 18

Question 3

Severity levels for intellectual disability

Answer 3

..Depends on adaptive functioning not IQ
A.mild
B.moderate
C.severe
D.profound(intense)

Question 4

Mild level(intellectual disability)

Answer 4

Conceptual domain:Support needed in one or more areas to meet age-related expectation.
Social domain:difficulty understanding social situations or cues,difficulty in regulating emotion or age related behaviour
Practical domain: age-appropriate in personal care.need help in legal and health decision.

Question 5

Moderate level (intellectual disability)

Answer 5

Conceptual:in school-progress is slowly ,For adult support is needed in all academic skill.
Social:marked difference in social and communication behaviour,support is needed
Practical:need extended period of teaching for personal care
Maladaptive behaviour is present in minority.

Question 6

Severe(intellectual disability )

Answer 6

Conceptual:Attainment of conceptual skills is limited,provide extensive supports.
Social:language is limited.
Practical:requires support for all activities of daily living.

Question 7

Profound(intellectual disability)

Answer 7

Conceptual: involve physical world rather than symbolic processes.
Social:expresses his or her own desires and emotions largely through nonverbal ,nonsymbolic communication.
Practical : individual is dependent on others,frequent barrier to participation in activities due to sensory and physical impairment

Question 8

Gullibility

Answer 8

easily persuaded to believe something, easily led by others

Question 9

associated features(intellectual disability)

Answer 9

prevalence: 10 per 1,000
course: children younger than 5 years who meet criteria for intellectual disability will be global developmental delay criteria. if associated with gene it will be down syndrome ,disorder results from a loss of previously acquired cognitive skills, as in severe traumatic brain injury will be diagnosed with neurocognitive and intellectual.
sex ratio: males are more likely than females to be diagnosed
etiology: genetic abnormalities and environmental exposure.

Question 10

treatment of intellectual disabilities

Answer 10

a. Education support and interventions.
b. behavioral support
c. vocational training
d. family education
e. medication for other symptoms

Question 11

comorbidity’s of intellectual disabilities

Answer 11

autism spectrum disorder, seizure disorder, attention deficit disorder, anxiety, cerebral palsy, vision disorders, hearing loss, and depression

Question 12

global development delay

Answer 12

This diagnosis is reserved for individuals under the age of 5 years when the clinical
severity level cannot be reliably assessed during early childhood. This category is diagnosed when an individual fails to meet expected developmental milestones in several areas of intellectual functioning, and applies to individuals who are unable to undergo systematic assessments.
.category requires reassessment after a period of time.

Question 13

symptoms of GDD

Answer 13

1.Delays in rolling over, sitting up, crawling and walking.
2.Trouble with fine motor skills.
3.Problems understanding what others say.
4.Trouble with problem-solving.
5.Issues with social skills.
6.Problems talking or talking late.
7.Difficulty remembering things.
8.Inability to connect actions with consequences.

Question 14

Unspecified intellectual disability

Answer 14

This category is reserved for individuals over the age of 5 years when assessment of
the degree of intellectual developmental disorder (intellectual disability) by means of locally available procedures is rendered difficult or impossible because of associated sensory or physical impairments, as in blindness or prelingual deafness; locomotor disability; or presence of severe problem behaviors or co-occurring mental disorder.
.category requires reassessment after a period of time.

Question 15

category of communication disorders

Answer 15

1.language disorder
2.speech sound disorder, 3.childhood-onset fluency
disorder (stuttering),
4.social (pragmatic-sensible) communication disorder 5.unspecified communication disorders

Question 16

language disorder diagnostic criteria

Answer 16

a. Persistent difficulties in the acquisition(learn) and use of language across modalities
(i.e., spoken, written, sign language, or other) due to deficits in comprehension or production.
1.Reduced vocabulary
2.limited sentence structure
3.impairment in disclosure(connect sentences to
explain or describe a topic or series of events or have a conversation.
b.Language abilities are substantially and quantifiably below those expected for
age, resulting in functional limitations in effective communication, social
participation, academic achievement, or occupational performance, individually or in any combination.
c. onset is in early develop.
d. difficulties are not attributable to hearing or other sensory impairment, motor dysfunction or intellectual disability or GDD

Question 17

language learning depends on

Answer 17

expressive ability
receptive ability

Question 18

associated features of language disorder

Answer 18

a. course; Language acquisition is marked by changes from onset in toddlerhood to the adult level
b. prognosis; poor prognosis for receptive impairs, highly genetic.
c. comorbidity; ADHD, Autism, intellectual development dis.
d. sex ratio; male bias at birth but at school level it narrow down.
e. differential diagnosis; 1.hearing or sensory impair
2.intellectual disability
3.autism-Declines in critical social and communication behaviors during the first 2 years
4.language regression
5.neurological disorder.

Question 19

speech sound disorder diagnostic criteria

Answer 19

a. Persistent difficulty with speech sound production that interferes with speech intelligibility.
b. disturbance causes limitations in effective communication that interfere with social participation, academic achievement, or occupational performance, individually or in any combination.
c. onset is in early develop-period.(around 6)
d. The difficulties are not attributable to congenital or acquired conditions.

Question 20

speech sound production require

Answer 20

1.phonological knowledge of speech sounds.
2.ability to coordinate the movement of articulators.

Question 21

associated features of speech sound disorder

Answer 21

a. positive family history
b. course; mostly intelligible speech by age 3 years and most words should be pronounced
accurately according to age and community norms by age 5 years. (Lisping)Misarticulation of any of these sounds by itself could be considered within normal limits up to age 8 years.
c. prognosis is poor when language disorder is present otherwise it get better with treatment.
d. Speech may be differentially impaired in certain genetic conditions- down syndrome.
e. different diagnosis(dysarthria) Speech impairment may be attributable to a motor disorder, such as cerebral palsy.

Question 23

What is the primary characteristic of childhood onset fluency disorder?

Answer 23

Disruptions in the flow of speech, including repetitions and prolongations.

Question 24

True or False: Childhood onset fluency disorder is commonly referred to as stuttering.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Fill in the blank: The DSM-5 classifies childhood onset fluency disorder under ______ disorders.

Answer 25

communication

Question 26

Which age range is typically associated with the onset of childhood onset fluency disorder?

Answer 26

Between 2 and 7 years old.

Question 27

What are two common behaviors observed in individuals with childhood onset fluency disorder?

Answer 27

Repetitions of sounds or syllables and pauses in speech.

Question 28

Stuttering diagnostic criteria

Answer 28

a. disturbance in normal fluency and time patterning of speech. b. disturbance causes anxiety about speaking or limitations in effective communication. c .onset in early childhood d. The disturbance is not attributable to a speech-motor or sensory deficit or neurological deficit.

Question 29

associated features of stuttering

Answer 29

1.Males are more likely to stutter than females. 2.causes are genetic and neurological. 3.Stuttering may occur as a side effect of medication 4.comorbidity:adhd,autism, intellectual disability, specific learning disorder, seizure disorders, social anxiety disorder, speech sound disorder. 5. prevalence:1% of children in long term and 5% children for six month. 6.prognosis: usually positive but its low if it starts after 3 or last longer than 1 year.

Question 31

What is the primary feature of social communication disorder?

Answer 31

Impairments in social communication, including difficulties in using verbal and nonverbal communication in social contexts. onset in early development period

Question 32

True or False: Social communication disorder can only be diagnosed if there is an accompanying intellectual disability.

Answer 32

False

Question 33

Fill in the blank: One of the diagnostic criteria for social communication disorder is difficulty understanding and following __________ in conversations.

Answer 33

social cues

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of social communication disorder? (A) Difficulty initiating conversations (B) Repetitive behaviors (C) Trouble understanding jokes

Answer 34

B) Repetitive behaviors

Question 35

Short answer: Name one associated feature that may accompany social communication disorder.

Answer 35

Anxiety or difficulties with attention.

Question 36

associated features of SPCD

Answer 36

Prognosis: positive but a lifelong disorder. course: starts after 4(but deficits may not become fully manifest until social communication demands exceed limited capacities)mild in childhood but appears in adolescent. presence of language disorder and ADHD. Prevalence:1%in 1000 mainly boys. positive family history of autism spectrum disorder, communication disorders, or specific learning disorder .

Question 37

autism spectrum disorder diagnostic criteria

Answer 37

a. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts. 1.Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity.2.deficit in non verbal communication. 3.Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships. B. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.1.Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech. 2.Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior. 3.Hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment. 4.Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus. C. present in early develop period but manifest when social demand exceed. d. can't explained through intellectual disability but they might co-occur.

Question 38

specify if (autism)

Answer 38

specify if: with or without intellectual disability -with or without language impair. -associated with medical condition -associated with neurodevelopment, mental, behavior disorder. -with catatonia

Question 39

severity specifier's (autism)

Answer 39

level 1.requiring support(deficit in social communication, problem in switching activities) level 2.requiring substantial support.(marked deficit in verbal/nonverbal communication, difficulty coping with change) level 3.requiring very substantial support.(severe deficit in verbal/nonverbal communication, extreme difficulty in coping with change)

Question 40

associated features of autism

Answer 40

1. prevalence 1% 2.course: symptoms are recognized in 12-24 month, behavioral symptoms are evident in childhood. 3.prognosis: lifelong no cure disorder. 4.etiology: environmental factors, genetics 15% gene mutation. 5.sex ratio: male biased 6.comorbidity: intellectual disability, language disorder, Avoidant-restrictive food disorder, ADHD ,70% one mental disorder and 40% two mental disorder with autism, mood disorder. suicidal thoughts by age 16,increase if social communication is present.

Question 41

ADHD diagnostic criteria

Answer 41

a. persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development 1.inattention:6 of the following symptoms for six months that is inconsistent with developmental level a. Often fails to give close attention to details. b. Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks c. Often does not follow through on instructions d. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly e. Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities. f. Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort 2.hyperactivity:a. Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat. b. Often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expected c. Often runs about or climbs in situations where it is inappropriate. d. Often unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly. e. Is often “on the go,” acting as if “driven by a motor” f. Often talks excessively. g. Often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed. B. Symptoms were present prior to 12 year and present in one or two settings. c. symptoms do not occur in schizophrenia or other mental disorder.

Question 42

specifying marker of ADHD

Answer 42

specify if: -combined presentation. -predominately inattentive -predominately hyperactivity presentation. -In partial remission: When full criteria were previously met, fewer than the full criteria have been met for the past 6 months

Question 43

specify current severity of ADHD

Answer 43

a. mild: minor impairments in social or occupational functioning b. moderate c. severe: symptoms in excess of those required to make the diagnosis, marked impairment.

Question 44

associated features of ADHD

Answer 44

-prevalence: 5% child and 2.5% adult, more in boys -prognosis:74% heritability, environmental effect. Inattentive symptoms tend to persist, while hyperactive-impulsive symptoms tend to recede over time. ADHD is manageable but not curable. -ADHD is associated with an increased risk of suicide attempt, when comorbid with mood, conduct, or substance use disorders -course: ADHD is most often identified during elementary school years when inattention becomes more prominent , In preschool, the main manifestation is hyperactivity, but in adults difficulties with restlessness, inattention, poor planning, and impulsivity persist.

Question 45

specific learning disorder diagnostic criteria

Answer 45

a. Difficulties learning and using academic skills, at least 1 symptom for six months: 1.Inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading. 2.Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read. 3.Difficulties with spelling. 4.Difficulties with written expression. 5.Difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or calculation. 6.Difficulties with mathematical reasoning. B. academic skills are substantially and quantifiably below those expected for the individual’s chronological age. C. difficulty begins in school age but manifest itself later. d. can't be explained through intellectual disability .

Question 46

specifiers in specific learning disorder

Answer 46

specify if: impairment with reading(dyslexia), impairment with written expression, impairment with mathematics(dyscalculia)

Question 47

severity marker

Answer 47

Mild: difficulties learning skills in one or two academic domain but get well when support is provided. Moderate: difficulty learning skill in one or more domain and can't be proficient without specialized support in school and supportive service at home Severe: unlikely to learn those skills without ongoing intensive individualized and specialized teaching for most of the school years and home service's.

Question 48

associated features of SLD

Answer 48

Prognosis: manageable but no cure, comorbidity ADHD cause complication, high heritability, environmental factor causes SLD course: diagnosed in school age but precursor manifest before. prevalence:5 to 15% and 9% dyslexia. EQUAL boys and girls uneven profile of abilities is common, such as a combination of above-average abilities in drawing, design, and other visuospatial abilities. comorbidity: depression, anxiety

Question 49

motor disorders

Answer 49

1.developmental coordination disorder 2.sterotypic movement disorder 3.tic disorders

Question 50

developmental coordination disorder(dyspraxia)

Answer 50

A. The acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills is substantially below that expected given the individual’s chronological age.(clumsiness, slowness and inaccuracy of performance of motor skills. Handwriting competence is frequently affected, large body movement, fine motor skills) B. The motor skills deficit in Criterion A significantly and persistently interferes with activities of daily living. C. onset is in early-develop period. D. deficits are not attribute to intellectual disability or visual impair or neurological disorder.

Question 51

associated features of dyspraxia

Answer 51

1. “overflow” movements are referred to as neurodevelopmental immaturities or neurological soft signs. 2.prevalence: 5-6% mainly males. 3.etiology:low birth weight, prenatal alcohol exposure, impairment in visual-motor skills, including both visual-motor perception and spatial mentalizing. Cerebellar dysfunction, which affects the ability to make rapid motoric adjustments 4.comorbidity: often communication disorders, ADHD 50%, autism, learning disorder. 5.prognosis: No Cure, but Manageable.

Question 52

stereotypic movement disorder

Answer 52

A. Repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behavior (e.g., hand shaking or waving, body rocking, head banging, self-biting, hitting own body. B. The repetitive motor behavior interferes with social, academic, or other activities and may result in self-injury. C. Onset in early develop-period. D. The repetitive motor behavior is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or neurological condition and is not better explained by another neurodevelopmental disorder.

Question 53

specifying marker of SMD

Answer 53

Specify if: with or Without self-injurious behavior. associated with genetic or other medical condition.

Question 54

severity specifiers of SMD

Answer 54

Mild: easily suppressed by sensory stimulus or distraction. Moderate: Symptoms require explicit protective measures and behavioral modification. Severe: Continuous monitoring and protective measures to prevent injury.

Question 55

associated features of SMD

Answer 55

-prevalence: 4 to 16%(male bias) more common in intellectual disability and autism. -course: starts in 3y complex motor stereotypies, approximately 80% exhibit symptoms before age 24 months. -prognosis :medication helps. comorbidity: ADHD, anxiety, tics.

Question 56

tic disorders

Answer 56

1.Tourette disorder 2.presistent motor or vocal tics 3.provisional tic disorder

Question 57

Tourette disorder

Answer 57

A. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics have been present at some time during the illness, although not necessarily concurrently. B. The tics may wax and wane in frequency but have persisted for more than 1 year since first tic onset. c. onset before 18y. d. not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., cocaine) or another medical condition.

Question 58

persistent motor or vocal tics

Answer 58

A. Single or multiple motor or vocal tics have been present during the illness, but not both motor and vocal. B. The tics may wax and wane in frequency but have persisted for more than 1 year since first tic onset. C. onset before 18y. d. not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance. E. Criteria have never been met for Tourette’s disorder. Specify if: With motor tics only With vocal tics only

Question 59

provisional tic disorder

Answer 59

A. Single or multiple motor and/or vocal tics. B. The tics have been present for less than 1 year since first tic onset. C. Onset is before age 18 years. D. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance. E. criteria not meant for Tourette or persistent tic disorder.

Question 60

TICS DEF

Answer 60

Tics are typically sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movements or vocalizations. Some motor tics can be slower twisting or tightening movements that occur over varying lengths of time.

Question 61

associated features of tics disorders

Answer 61

prevalence: 20% school age(male bias) prognosis: often improve with age, with symptoms typically lessening in late adolescence and early adulthood, but in some cases, they can persist into adulthood, and may even worsen. course: ages 4 and 6 years. Eye blinking is highly characteristic as an initial symptom. Peak severity occurs between ages 10 and 12 years. comorbidity: prepubertal children with tic disorders are more likely to exhibit co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and separation anxiety disorder.