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Life Stages > Neurodevelopmental disorders > Flashcards

Neurodevelopmental disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnosis of ADHD requires that symptoms be present for [time duration] and onset is before [age]

A

Diagnosis of ADHD requires that symptoms be present for > 6 months and onset is before age 12
* Symptoms must be present in 2 or more settings

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2
Q

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is more common in [sex]

A

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is more common in males

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3
Q

Kids who have normal intelligence but struggle in school may have [developmental disorder]

A

Kids who have normal intelligence but struggle in school may have ADHD

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4
Q

The two subtypes of ADHD are _ (more common in females) and _ (more common in males)

A

The two subtypes of ADHD are inattention (more common in females) and hyperactivity (more common in males)

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5
Q

Increased distractibility, decreased listening, decreased organization, and homework difficulty describe [ADHD subtype]

A

Increased distractibility, decreased listening, decreased organization, and homework difficulty describe inattentive ADHD

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6
Q

Increased energy, increased fidgeting, blurting out describes [ADHD subtype]

A

Increased energy, increased fidgeting, blurting out describes hyperactivity

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7
Q

Etiology of ADHD includes:

A

Etiology of ADHD includes:
* Smoking during pregnancy
* Family history (30% risk)
* Childhood lead poisoning
* Low birth weight

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8
Q

Comorbid conditions with ADHD include:

A

Comorbid conditions with ADHD include:
* Learning disabilities
* Oppositional defiant disorder
* Tourette’s syndrome
* Substance abuse

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9
Q

Medical management is not considered for kids with ADHD under the age of _

A

Medical management is not considered for kids with ADHD under the age of 6
* These kids are treated with CBT

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10
Q

First line treatment for kids > 6 years old with ADHD is _

A

First line treatment for kids > 6 years old with ADHD is a stimulant (aka amphetamines)

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11
Q

Amphetamines treat ADHD by increasing [2 NTs]

A

Amphetamines treat ADHD by increasing NE, DA
* Leads to increased frontal lobe activity, increased control over impulses

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12
Q

_ is a second line treatment for ADHD that is preferred in substance abuse, however may cause suicidal ideation

A

Atomoxetine is a second line treatment for ADHD that is preferred in substance abuse, however may cause suicidal ideation
* SNRI

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13
Q

alpha-2 agonists _ and _ are second line therapies for ADHD

A

alpha-2 agonists clonidine and guanfacine are second line therapies for ADHD

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14
Q

Autism spectrum disorder commonly presents with [signs]

A

Autism spectrum disorder commonly presents with decreased communication and social skills
* Difficulty recognizing social cues and body language
* Difficulty with social relationships
* Narrow interests (ex: dinosaurs)
* Sensory intolerance
* Decreased tolerance for change

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15
Q

ASD normally has an early childhood onset, before age _

A

ASD normally has an early childhood onset, before age 3

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16
Q

Children with ASD may have [growth abnormality]

A

Children with ASD may have increased head/brain size

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17
Q

Repetitive pattern of breaking rules and disregarding the rights of others describes [anger disorder]

A

Repetitive pattern of breaking rules and disregarding the rights of others describes conduct disorder
* Often involves fighting, stealing, destroying property, lying, breaking promises

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18
Q

Large outbursts/ reactions that are out of proportion to the initial insult/ stimuli describe [anger disorder]

A

Large outbursts/ reactions that are out of proportion to the initial insult/ stimuli describe disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
* Often involves tantrums, crying, screaming

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19
Q

Uncontrollable explosive outbursts involving yelling, assault, property damage describes [anger disorder]

A

Uncontrollable explosive outbursts involving yelling, assault, property damage, describes intermittent explosive disorder
* Not premeditated, episodes are less than 30 min duration

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20
Q

Defiant, argumentative, and vindictive behavior towards authority figures describes [anger disorder]

A

Defiant, argumentative, and vindictive behavior towards authority figures describes oppositional defiant disorder

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21
Q

Treatment for conduct disorder involves _

A

Treatment for conduct disorder involves CBT

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22
Q

Conduct disorder is diagnosed in kids under age _

A

Conduct disorder is diagnosed in kids under age 18
* Reclassified as antisocial personality disorder in adulthood

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23
Q

Mood dysregulation disorder presents before age _

A

Mood dysregulation disorder presents before age 10
* These kids may have irritability and reactivity at baseline between outbursts

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24
Q

Treatment for kids with mood dysregulation disorders involves _

A

Treatment for kids with mood dysregulation disorders involves CBT, antipsychotics, stimulants

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25
Q

Intermittent explosive disorder is diagnosed in kids [age group]

A

Intermittent explosive disorder is diagnosed in kids after age 6

26
Q

SSRIs may be beneficial for [anger disorder]

A

SSRIs may be beneficial for intermittent explosive disorder

27
Q

Treatment for intermittent explosive disorder includes _ and _

A

Treatment for intermittent explosive disorder includes psychotherapy and SSRIs

28
Q

Oppositional defiant disorder is diagnosed when behaviors have been going for at least [duration]

A

Oppositional defiant disorder is diagnosed when behaviors have been going for at least 6 months

29
Q

Treatment for oppositional defiant disorder is _

A

Treatment for oppositional defiant disorder is CBT

30
Q

Generalized deficits in cognition, learning, adaptive behavior, language, abstract thinking, and judgement describes _

A

Generalized deficits in cognition, learning, adaptive behavior, language, abstract thinking, and judgement describes intellectual disability
* Not a specific deficit
* Individuals will struggle throughout life to be self-sufficient

31
Q

_ is a disorder that presents during school age years and involves persistent difficulty with a specific subject (math, reading, writing)

A

Specific learning disorder is a disorder that presents during school age years and involves persistent difficulty with a specific subject
* Diagnosed when there is no improvement after 6 months of focused intervention
* General intelligence in other areas is intact

32
Q

Selective mutism presents before [age]

A

Selective mutism presents before age 5

33
Q

Selective mutism is _

A

Selective mutism is inability to speak in a specific environment

34
Q

Selective mutism is associated with [comorbidity]

A

Selective mutism is associated with anxiety disorders

35
Q

Treatment for selective mutism involves _

A

Treatment for selective mutism involves psychotherapy, SSRIs

36
Q

Separation anxiety is only considered pathologic when the child is > [age]

A

Separation anxiety is only considered pathologic when the child is > 4 years old
* Symptoms must be > 4 weeks in children
* > 6 months in adults

37
Q

Tourette’s syndrome involves _

A

Tourette’s syndrome involves recurrent motor/vocal tics
* May also include coprolalia (obscene or offensive language)

38
Q

Tourette’s diagnosis requires a presentation before [age] and persistance for [time frame]

A

Tourette’s diagnosis requires a presentation before age 18 and persistance for > 1 year

39
Q

Children with tourette’s syndrome may have [comorbidity] or [comorbidity]

A

Children with tourette’s syndrome may have ADHD or OCD

40
Q

First line therapy for tourette’s syndrome is _

A

First line therapy for tourette’s syndrome is behavioral therapy, psychoeducation
* Tics will usually resolve on their own

41
Q

Intractable and distressing tics may require medical management with [3 drug options]

A

Intractable and distressing tics may require medical management with
1. Tetrabenazine
2. Antipsychotics (risperidone, haloperidol)
3. alpha2 agonists (guanfacine, clonidine)

42
Q

ADHD persists into adulthood in _ % of cases

A

ADHD persists into adulthood in 50% of cases

43
Q

In inattentive type ADHD, [NT] is skewed

A

In inattentive type ADHD, NE is skewed

44
Q

In hyperactivity type ADHD, [NT] is skewed

A

In hyperactivity type ADHD, dopamine, serotonin is skewed

45
Q

ADHD may be associated with certain brain structure abnormalities:

A

ADHD may be associated with certain brain structure abnormalities:
* Lower gray matter density
* White matter abnormalities
* Reduced brain volume and cortical thickness
* Delayed cortical maturation

46
Q

The most common genetic cause of ASD is _

A

The most common genetic cause of ASD is fragile X syndrome (accounts for 15% of cases)
* Also Down’s, Rett, Tuberous sclerosis

47
Q

Environmental risk factors of ASD include prenatal neurological insults, low birth weight, and _

A

Environmental risk factors of ASD include prenatal neurological insults, low birth weight, and advanced paternal age

48
Q

ASD is associated with brain abnormalities including…

A

ASD is associated with brain abnormalities including…
* Expansion of grey matter before age 2
* Increased gyrification of frontal lobe
* Accelerated total brain volume from 2-4 years
* Arrested capasity of brain at 10-15 years

49
Q

Oppositional defiant disorder is comorbid with _ and _

A

Oppositional defiant disorder is comorbid with ADHD and anxiety (most commonly)

50
Q

Intermittent explosive disorder is most commonly also associated with [psych diagnosis]

A

Intermittent explosive disorder is most commonly also associated with MDD
* These children feel remorse after actions –> depression

51
Q

Difficulty acquiring and using language defines [disorder]

A

Difficulty acquiring and using language defines language disorder

52
Q

Pervasive difficulty with sound production defines [disorder]

A

Pervasive difficulty with sound production defines speech sound disorder

53
Q

Childhood-onset fluency disorder is _

A

Childhood-onset fluency disorder is stuttering; persistent disturbance in normal speech pattern resulting in anxiety and functional impairment

54
Q

Social (pragmatic) communication disorder is _

A

Social (pragmatic) communication disorder is difficulty with verbal and nonverbal communication for social purposes
* Trouble with storytelling and taking turns

55
Q

Tics are sudden, uncontrollable movements or sounds that are often worse when _ or _

A

Tics are sudden, uncontrollable movements or sounds that are often worse when tired or stressed

56
Q

DSM criteria for tic disorders require an onset before age _ and persistence for [duration]

A

DSM criteria for tic disorders require an onset before age 18 and persistence for > 1 year

57
Q

Typical onset of tic disorder occurs at age _ ; while peak age is _

A

Typical onset of tic disorder occurs at age 4-6 ; while peak age is 10-12

58
Q

Tic disorders are more common in [sex]

A

Tic disorders are more common in males

59
Q

Risk factors for tic disorders:

A

Risk factors for tic disorders:
* Obstetrical complications
* Older parental age
* Lower birth weight
* Maternal smoking during pregnancy

60
Q
A

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