Neurodevelopmental disorders Flashcards
Diagnosis of ADHD requires that symptoms be present for [time duration] and onset is before [age]
Diagnosis of ADHD requires that symptoms be present for > 6 months and onset is before age 12
* Symptoms must be present in 2 or more settings
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is more common in [sex]
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is more common in males
Kids who have normal intelligence but struggle in school may have [developmental disorder]
Kids who have normal intelligence but struggle in school may have ADHD
The two subtypes of ADHD are _ (more common in females) and _ (more common in males)
The two subtypes of ADHD are inattention (more common in females) and hyperactivity (more common in males)
Increased distractibility, decreased listening, decreased organization, and homework difficulty describe [ADHD subtype]
Increased distractibility, decreased listening, decreased organization, and homework difficulty describe inattentive ADHD
Increased energy, increased fidgeting, blurting out describes [ADHD subtype]
Increased energy, increased fidgeting, blurting out describes hyperactivity
Etiology of ADHD includes:
Etiology of ADHD includes:
* Smoking during pregnancy
* Family history (30% risk)
* Childhood lead poisoning
* Low birth weight
Comorbid conditions with ADHD include:
Comorbid conditions with ADHD include:
* Learning disabilities
* Oppositional defiant disorder
* Tourette’s syndrome
* Substance abuse
Medical management is not considered for kids with ADHD under the age of _
Medical management is not considered for kids with ADHD under the age of 6
* These kids are treated with CBT
First line treatment for kids > 6 years old with ADHD is _
First line treatment for kids > 6 years old with ADHD is a stimulant (aka amphetamines)
Amphetamines treat ADHD by increasing [2 NTs]
Amphetamines treat ADHD by increasing NE, DA
* Leads to increased frontal lobe activity, increased control over impulses
Atomoxetine is a second line treatment for ADHD that is preferred in substance abuse, however may cause suicidal ideation
* SNRI
alpha-2 agonists _ and _ are second line therapies for ADHD
alpha-2 agonists clonidine and guanfacine are second line therapies for ADHD
Autism spectrum disorder commonly presents with [signs]
Autism spectrum disorder commonly presents with decreased communication and social skills
* Difficulty recognizing social cues and body language
* Difficulty with social relationships
* Narrow interests (ex: dinosaurs)
* Sensory intolerance
* Decreased tolerance for change
ASD normally has an early childhood onset, before age _
ASD normally has an early childhood onset, before age 3
Children with ASD may have [growth abnormality]
Children with ASD may have increased head/brain size
Repetitive pattern of breaking rules and disregarding the rights of others describes [anger disorder]
Repetitive pattern of breaking rules and disregarding the rights of others describes conduct disorder
* Often involves fighting, stealing, destroying property, lying, breaking promises
Large outbursts/ reactions that are out of proportion to the initial insult/ stimuli describe [anger disorder]
Large outbursts/ reactions that are out of proportion to the initial insult/ stimuli describe disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
* Often involves tantrums, crying, screaming
Uncontrollable explosive outbursts involving yelling, assault, property damage describes [anger disorder]
Uncontrollable explosive outbursts involving yelling, assault, property damage, describes intermittent explosive disorder
* Not premeditated, episodes are less than 30 min duration
Defiant, argumentative, and vindictive behavior towards authority figures describes [anger disorder]
Defiant, argumentative, and vindictive behavior towards authority figures describes oppositional defiant disorder
Treatment for conduct disorder involves _
Treatment for conduct disorder involves CBT
Conduct disorder is diagnosed in kids under age _
Conduct disorder is diagnosed in kids under age 18
* Reclassified as antisocial personality disorder in adulthood
Mood dysregulation disorder presents before age _
Mood dysregulation disorder presents before age 10
* These kids may have irritability and reactivity at baseline between outbursts
Treatment for kids with mood dysregulation disorders involves _
Treatment for kids with mood dysregulation disorders involves CBT, antipsychotics, stimulants
Intermittent explosive disorder is diagnosed in kids [age group]
Intermittent explosive disorder is diagnosed in kids after age 6
SSRIs may be beneficial for [anger disorder]
SSRIs may be beneficial for intermittent explosive disorder
Treatment for intermittent explosive disorder includes _ and _
Treatment for intermittent explosive disorder includes psychotherapy and SSRIs
Oppositional defiant disorder is diagnosed when behaviors have been going for at least [duration]
Oppositional defiant disorder is diagnosed when behaviors have been going for at least 6 months
Treatment for oppositional defiant disorder is _
Treatment for oppositional defiant disorder is CBT
Generalized deficits in cognition, learning, adaptive behavior, language, abstract thinking, and judgement describes _
Generalized deficits in cognition, learning, adaptive behavior, language, abstract thinking, and judgement describes intellectual disability
* Not a specific deficit
* Individuals will struggle throughout life to be self-sufficient
_ is a disorder that presents during school age years and involves persistent difficulty with a specific subject (math, reading, writing)
Specific learning disorder is a disorder that presents during school age years and involves persistent difficulty with a specific subject
* Diagnosed when there is no improvement after 6 months of focused intervention
* General intelligence in other areas is intact
Selective mutism presents before [age]
Selective mutism presents before age 5
Selective mutism is _
Selective mutism is inability to speak in a specific environment
Selective mutism is associated with [comorbidity]
Selective mutism is associated with anxiety disorders
Treatment for selective mutism involves _
Treatment for selective mutism involves psychotherapy, SSRIs
Separation anxiety is only considered pathologic when the child is > [age]
Separation anxiety is only considered pathologic when the child is > 4 years old
* Symptoms must be > 4 weeks in children
* > 6 months in adults
Tourette’s syndrome involves _
Tourette’s syndrome involves recurrent motor/vocal tics
* May also include coprolalia (obscene or offensive language)
Tourette’s diagnosis requires a presentation before [age] and persistance for [time frame]
Tourette’s diagnosis requires a presentation before age 18 and persistance for > 1 year
Children with tourette’s syndrome may have [comorbidity] or [comorbidity]
Children with tourette’s syndrome may have ADHD or OCD
First line therapy for tourette’s syndrome is _
First line therapy for tourette’s syndrome is behavioral therapy, psychoeducation
* Tics will usually resolve on their own
Intractable and distressing tics may require medical management with [3 drug options]
Intractable and distressing tics may require medical management with
1. Tetrabenazine
2. Antipsychotics (risperidone, haloperidol)
3. alpha2 agonists (guanfacine, clonidine)
ADHD persists into adulthood in _ % of cases
ADHD persists into adulthood in 50% of cases
In inattentive type ADHD, [NT] is skewed
In inattentive type ADHD, NE is skewed
In hyperactivity type ADHD, [NT] is skewed
In hyperactivity type ADHD, dopamine, serotonin is skewed
ADHD may be associated with certain brain structure abnormalities:
ADHD may be associated with certain brain structure abnormalities:
* Lower gray matter density
* White matter abnormalities
* Reduced brain volume and cortical thickness
* Delayed cortical maturation
The most common genetic cause of ASD is _
The most common genetic cause of ASD is fragile X syndrome (accounts for 15% of cases)
* Also Down’s, Rett, Tuberous sclerosis
Environmental risk factors of ASD include prenatal neurological insults, low birth weight, and _
Environmental risk factors of ASD include prenatal neurological insults, low birth weight, and advanced paternal age
ASD is associated with brain abnormalities including…
ASD is associated with brain abnormalities including…
* Expansion of grey matter before age 2
* Increased gyrification of frontal lobe
* Accelerated total brain volume from 2-4 years
* Arrested capasity of brain at 10-15 years
Oppositional defiant disorder is comorbid with _ and _
Oppositional defiant disorder is comorbid with ADHD and anxiety (most commonly)
Intermittent explosive disorder is most commonly also associated with [psych diagnosis]
Intermittent explosive disorder is most commonly also associated with MDD
* These children feel remorse after actions –> depression
Difficulty acquiring and using language defines [disorder]
Difficulty acquiring and using language defines language disorder
Pervasive difficulty with sound production defines [disorder]
Pervasive difficulty with sound production defines speech sound disorder
Childhood-onset fluency disorder is _
Childhood-onset fluency disorder is stuttering; persistent disturbance in normal speech pattern resulting in anxiety and functional impairment
Social (pragmatic) communication disorder is _
Social (pragmatic) communication disorder is difficulty with verbal and nonverbal communication for social purposes
* Trouble with storytelling and taking turns
Tics are sudden, uncontrollable movements or sounds that are often worse when _ or _
Tics are sudden, uncontrollable movements or sounds that are often worse when tired or stressed
DSM criteria for tic disorders require an onset before age _ and persistence for [duration]
DSM criteria for tic disorders require an onset before age 18 and persistence for > 1 year
Typical onset of tic disorder occurs at age _ ; while peak age is _
Typical onset of tic disorder occurs at age 4-6 ; while peak age is 10-12
Tic disorders are more common in [sex]
Tic disorders are more common in males
Risk factors for tic disorders:
Risk factors for tic disorders:
* Obstetrical complications
* Older parental age
* Lower birth weight
* Maternal smoking during pregnancy
