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Neurodevelopmental disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnosis of ADHD requires that symptoms be present for [time duration] and onset is before [age]

A

Diagnosis of ADHD requires that symptoms be present for > 6 months and onset is before age 12
* Symptoms must be present in 2 or more settings

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2
Q

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is more common in [sex]

A

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is more common in males

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3
Q

Kids who have normal intelligence but struggle in school may have [developmental disorder]

A

Kids who have normal intelligence but struggle in school may have ADHD

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4
Q

The two subtypes of ADHD are _ (more common in females) and _ (more common in males)

A

The two subtypes of ADHD are inattention (more common in females) and hyperactivity (more common in males)

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5
Q

Increased distractibility, decreased listening, decreased organization, and homework difficulty describe [ADHD subtype]

A

Increased distractibility, decreased listening, decreased organization, and homework difficulty describe inattentive ADHD

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6
Q

Increased energy, increased fidgeting, blurting out describes [ADHD subtype]

A

Increased energy, increased fidgeting, blurting out describes hyperactivity

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7
Q

Etiology of ADHD includes:

A

Etiology of ADHD includes:
* Smoking during pregnancy
* Family history (30% risk)
* Childhood lead poisoning
* Low birth weight

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8
Q

Comorbid conditions with ADHD include:

A

Comorbid conditions with ADHD include:
* Learning disabilities
* Oppositional defiant disorder
* Tourette’s syndrome
* Substance abuse

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9
Q

Medical management is not considered for kids with ADHD under the age of _

A

Medical management is not considered for kids with ADHD under the age of 6
* These kids are treated with CBT

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10
Q

First line treatment for kids > 6 years old with ADHD is _

A

First line treatment for kids > 6 years old with ADHD is a stimulant (aka amphetamines)

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11
Q

Amphetamines treat ADHD by increasing [2 NTs]

A

Amphetamines treat ADHD by increasing NE, DA
* Leads to increased frontal lobe activity, increased control over impulses

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12
Q

_ is a second line treatment for ADHD that is preferred in substance abuse, however may cause suicidal ideation

A

Atomoxetine is a second line treatment for ADHD that is preferred in substance abuse, however may cause suicidal ideation
* SNRI

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13
Q

alpha-2 agonists _ and _ are second line therapies for ADHD

A

alpha-2 agonists clonidine and guanfacine are second line therapies for ADHD

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14
Q

Autism spectrum disorder commonly presents with [signs]

A

Autism spectrum disorder commonly presents with decreased communication and social skills
* Difficulty recognizing social cues and body language
* Difficulty with social relationships
* Narrow interests (ex: dinosaurs)
* Sensory intolerance
* Decreased tolerance for change

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15
Q

ASD normally has an early childhood onset, before age _

A

ASD normally has an early childhood onset, before age 3

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16
Q

Children with ASD may have [growth abnormality]

A

Children with ASD may have increased head/brain size

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17
Q

Repetitive pattern of breaking rules and disregarding the rights of others describes [anger disorder]

A

Repetitive pattern of breaking rules and disregarding the rights of others describes conduct disorder
* Often involves fighting, stealing, destroying property, lying, breaking promises

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18
Q

Large outbursts/ reactions that are out of proportion to the initial insult/ stimuli describe [anger disorder]

A

Large outbursts/ reactions that are out of proportion to the initial insult/ stimuli describe disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
* Often involves tantrums, crying, screaming

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19
Q

Uncontrollable explosive outbursts involving yelling, assault, property damage describes [anger disorder]

A

Uncontrollable explosive outbursts involving yelling, assault, property damage, describes intermittent explosive disorder
* Not premeditated, episodes are less than 30 min duration

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20
Q

Defiant, argumentative, and vindictive behavior towards authority figures describes [anger disorder]

A

Defiant, argumentative, and vindictive behavior towards authority figures describes oppositional defiant disorder

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21
Q

Treatment for conduct disorder involves _

A

Treatment for conduct disorder involves CBT

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22
Q

Conduct disorder is diagnosed in kids under age _

A

Conduct disorder is diagnosed in kids under age 18
* Reclassified as antisocial personality disorder in adulthood

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23
Q

Mood dysregulation disorder presents before age _

A

Mood dysregulation disorder presents before age 10
* These kids may have irritability and reactivity at baseline between outbursts

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24
Q

Treatment for kids with mood dysregulation disorders involves _

A

Treatment for kids with mood dysregulation disorders involves CBT, antipsychotics, stimulants

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25
Intermittent explosive disorder is diagnosed in kids [age group]
Intermittent explosive disorder is diagnosed in kids **after age 6**
26
SSRIs may be beneficial for [anger disorder]
SSRIs may be beneficial for **intermittent explosive disorder**
27
Treatment for intermittent explosive disorder includes _ and _
Treatment for intermittent explosive disorder includes **psychotherapy** and **SSRIs**
28
Oppositional defiant disorder is diagnosed when behaviors have been going for at least [duration]
Oppositional defiant disorder is diagnosed when behaviors have been going for at least **6 months**
29
Treatment for oppositional defiant disorder is _
Treatment for oppositional defiant disorder is **CBT**
30
Generalized deficits in cognition, learning, adaptive behavior, language, abstract thinking, and judgement describes _
Generalized deficits in cognition, learning, adaptive behavior, language, abstract thinking, and judgement describes **intellectual disability** * *Not a specific deficit* * *Individuals will struggle throughout life to be self-sufficient*
31
_ is a disorder that presents during school age years and involves persistent difficulty with a specific subject (math, reading, writing)
**Specific learning disorder** is a disorder that presents during school age years and involves persistent difficulty with a specific subject * *Diagnosed when there is no improvement after 6 months of focused intervention* * *General intelligence in other areas is intact*
32
Selective mutism presents before [age]
Selective mutism presents **before age 5**
33
Selective mutism is _
Selective mutism is **inability to speak in a specific environment**
34
Selective mutism is associated with [comorbidity]
Selective mutism is associated with **anxiety disorders**
35
Treatment for selective mutism involves _
Treatment for selective mutism involves **psychotherapy, SSRIs**
36
Separation anxiety is only considered pathologic when the child is > [age]
Separation anxiety is only considered pathologic when the child is **> 4 years old** * *Symptoms must be > 4 weeks in children* * *> 6 months in adults*
37
Tourette's syndrome involves _
Tourette's syndrome involves **recurrent motor/vocal tics** * *May also include coprolalia (obscene or offensive language)*
38
Tourette's diagnosis requires a presentation before [age] and persistance for [time frame]
Tourette's diagnosis requires a presentation before **age 18** and persistance for **> 1 year**
39
Children with tourette's syndrome may have [comorbidity] or [comorbidity]
Children with tourette's syndrome may have **ADHD** or **OCD**
40
First line therapy for tourette's syndrome is _
First line therapy for tourette's syndrome is **behavioral therapy, psychoeducation** * Tics will usually resolve on their own
41
Intractable and distressing tics may require medical management with [3 drug options]
Intractable and distressing tics may require medical management with 1. **Tetrabenazine** 2. **Antipsychotics** (risperidone, haloperidol) 3. **alpha2 agonists** (guanfacine, clonidine)
42
ADHD persists into adulthood in _ % of cases
ADHD persists into adulthood in **50%** of cases
43
In inattentive type ADHD, [NT] is skewed
In inattentive type ADHD, **NE** is skewed
44
In hyperactivity type ADHD, [NT] is skewed
In hyperactivity type ADHD, **dopamine, serotonin** is skewed
45
ADHD may be associated with certain brain structure abnormalities:
ADHD may be associated with certain brain structure abnormalities: * Lower gray matter density * White matter abnormalities * Reduced brain volume and cortical thickness * Delayed cortical maturation
46
The most common genetic cause of ASD is _
The most common genetic cause of ASD is **fragile X syndrome** (accounts for 15% of cases) * *Also Down's, Rett, Tuberous sclerosis*
47
Environmental risk factors of ASD include prenatal neurological insults, low birth weight, and _
Environmental risk factors of ASD include prenatal neurological insults, low birth weight, and **advanced paternal age**
48
ASD is associated with brain abnormalities including...
ASD is associated with brain abnormalities including... * Expansion of grey matter before age 2 * Increased gyrification of frontal lobe * Accelerated total brain volume from 2-4 years * Arrested capasity of brain at 10-15 years
49
Oppositional defiant disorder is comorbid with _ and _
Oppositional defiant disorder is comorbid with **ADHD** and **anxiety** (most commonly)
50
Intermittent explosive disorder is most commonly also associated with [psych diagnosis]
Intermittent explosive disorder is most commonly also associated with **MDD** * *These children feel remorse after actions --> depression*
51
Difficulty acquiring and using language defines [disorder]
Difficulty acquiring and using language defines **language disorder**
52
Pervasive difficulty with sound production defines [disorder]
Pervasive difficulty with sound production defines **speech sound disorder**
53
Childhood-onset fluency disorder is _
Childhood-onset fluency disorder is **stuttering; persistent disturbance in normal speech pattern resulting in anxiety and functional impairment**
54
Social (pragmatic) communication disorder is _
Social (pragmatic) communication disorder is **difficulty with verbal and nonverbal communication for social purposes** * Trouble with storytelling and taking turns
55
Tics are sudden, uncontrollable movements or sounds that are often worse when _ or _
Tics are sudden, uncontrollable movements or sounds that are often worse when **tired** or **stressed**
56
DSM criteria for tic disorders require an onset before age _ and persistence for [duration]
DSM criteria for tic disorders require an onset before age **18** and persistence for **> 1 year**
57
Typical onset of tic disorder occurs at age _ ; while peak age is _
Typical onset of tic disorder occurs at **age 4-6** ; while peak age is **10-12**
58
Tic disorders are more common in [sex]
Tic disorders are more common in **males**
59
Risk factors for tic disorders:
Risk factors for tic disorders: * **Obstetrical complications** * **Older parental age** * **Lower birth weight** * **Maternal smoking during pregnancy**
60

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