Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards
What is ADHD defined as?
ADHD is a pattern (at least 6 months) of inattention and/ or hyperactivity-impulsivity, which has a negative impact on academic, occupational and/ or social functioning.
How long do symptoms of ADHD need to be present in order for diagnosis? How many settings does this need to be across?
at least 6 months, across multiple situations or settings
Management of ADHD in children under 5
Do not offer medication for ADHD for any child under 5 years without a second specialist opinion from an ADHD service with expertise in managing ADHD in young children (ideally a tertiary service).
What conditions are required in order to offer ADHD medication to children aged 5 years over and young people?
their ADHD symptoms are still causing a persistent significant impairment in at least one domain after environmental modifications have been implemented and reviewed
they and their parents and carers have discussed information about ADHD
a baseline assessment has been carried out
Management of ADHD in adults
Offer medication to adults with ADHD if their ADHD symptoms are still causing a significant impairment in at least one domain after environmental modifications have been implemented and reviewed. Offer lisdexamfetamine or methylphenidate as first-line pharmacological treatment for adults with ADHD.
Consider non-pharmacological treatment for adults with ADHD who have:
made an informed choice not to have medication
difficulty adhering to medication
found medication to be ineffective or cannot tolerate it.
Consider non-pharmacological treatment in combination with medication for adults whose symptoms are still causing a significant impairment in at least one domain.
What are 1st line pharamcological treatments for adults with ADHD/
lisdexamfetamine or methylphenidate
What is autism spectrum disorder defined as?
(i) “persistent difficulties with social communication and social interaction”, and (ii) “restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviours, activities or interests”, present since early childhood, to the extent that these “limit and impair everyday functioning”. (DSM-V).
Diagnostic tools for autism spectrum disorder
DISCO (Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders),
ADI-R (Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised),
ADOS (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule)
3Di (Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview).
PACES: Epidemiology in autism spectrum disorder
It is estimated that worldwide about 1 in 100 children has autism - however, the true number may be much higher, as many people do not seek or have access to a formal diagnosis. In addition, some people are not diagnosed until adulthood.
Management of ASD
Needs to be assessed on a case by case basis e.g. for those struggling with social interaction –> group based social learning, for those with anger and aggression –> anger management intervention
IQ classification table
Examples of learning difficulties
DYSLEXIA: word recognition difficulties, and difficulty keeping the place of a word in text.
DYSPRAXIA: an impairment of the organisation of movement.
SPECIFIC SPELLING DISORDER
DYSCALCULIA: difficulty performing mathematical equations and understanding the logic of numbers.
DYSGRAPHIA: difficulty writing, but other fine motor skills are okay
dyslexia
word recognition difficulties, and difficulty keeping the place of a word in text.
dyspraxia
an impairment of the organisation of movement.
dyscalculia
difficulty performing mathematical equations and understanding the logic of numbers.
