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KSU > Neurodevelopment S23 > Flashcards

Neurodevelopment S23 Flashcards

1
Q

2 poles of egg cells

A

animal (top) vegetal (bottom)

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2
Q

5 general steps of early embryonic organization

A

egg cell polarity attracts sperm
fertilization of egg cell (cell cleavages)
formation of blastula
formation of blastopore (invagination ectoderm)
gastrulation

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3
Q

blastula structure

A

hollow inside (blastocoel)

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4
Q

what is invagination of the ectoderm

A

indention in blastula, opposite of sperm attachment site

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5
Q

what is gastrulation

A

formation of primary germ cell layers

ectoderm folds in to form mesoderm

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6
Q

problem with metazoan evolution

A

multicellular animals, how can it be organized?

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7
Q

what was the first nervous system

A

nerve nets (ex: anemone, hydras)

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8
Q

how to nerve nets work

A

allow interaction with outside world and between internal organs

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9
Q

compare morphology of embryonic

tortoise and chick
pig, cat, rabbit, human

A

basically same early, starts to differ later but still very similar basic features/structure

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10
Q

how are c. elegans (nematode) useful as animal models

A

simple nervous system, transparent skin (can see cells in living organism), known origin/migration/differ. of cells

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11
Q

how are frogs useful as animal models

A

high reproduction, easy to study development

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12
Q

6 general steps of amphibian embryology

A

create environment : gametogenesis, fertilization
start building organism : cleavage, formation of blastula
grow the organism : gastrulation, blastocoel (hollow inside) -> blastopore (indent) -> form ecto/meso/endo
neurulation
larval stages
maturity

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13
Q

where do the cells for the endoderm come from

A

clump of cells in vegetal pole, under hollow blastocoel

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14
Q

3 main forms of ectoderm

A

skin, CNS neurons, neural crest

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15
Q

5 main forms of mesoderm

A

notochord, bone tissue, kidney tubule, RBC’s, muscle

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16
Q

3 main forms of endoderm

A

stomach cells, thyroid cells, lung cells

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17
Q

what is the involuting marginal zone (IMZ)

A

tissue of ectoderm that migrates into blastocoel

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18
Q

what is a blastopore

A

ectoderm tissue that pinches into the blastocoel, opposite the sperm entry site

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19
Q

animal pole cells are —- than vegetal pole clls

A

smaller, higher in quantity

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20
Q

blastopore structure

A

animal (top)
vegetal (bottom)
ventral (left)
dorsal (right)

“bottom heavy” - larger cells, more space

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21
Q

what is the neurogenic region of blastopore

A

overlap of ectoderm and migrating/developing mesoderm

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22
Q

neural plate divisions

A

dorsal (top)
ventral (bottom)

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23
Q

neural plate and tube structure

A

image in notes

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24
Q

hollow center of neural tube forms —

A

central canal and ventricles in brain

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25
Q

notochord is formed from —

A

mesoderm cells

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26
Q

human embryonic development is most similar to that of —

A

frogs/amphibians

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27
Q

1 feature difference between humans and frogs in embryonic development

A

humans form amniotic cavity

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28
Q

in which embryonic structure does the amniotic cavity develop

A

epiblast -> primitive ectodermal and amniogenic cells

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29
Q

what is the hypoblast

A

primitive mesodermal cells

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30
Q

neural tube forms the —

A

brain and central canal

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31
Q

abnormality process leading to anencephaly

A

failure of neurulation (no plate over neural crest) -> brain tissue grows outside of body/skull in utero (exencephaly) -> brain shears off after birth

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32
Q

abnormality process leading to spina bifida

A

failure of neural tube to close -> abnormal spine development

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33
Q

embryonic development is guided by —

A

genetics and transcription

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34
Q

valproic acid and neural tube defects

A

take it: no seizures, baby at risk of neurulation issue

not taken: seizures during pregnancy

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35
Q

neural lineage arises during —

A

gastrulation

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36
Q

during gastrulation, ectoderm becomes —

A

neurogenic (neural tissue)

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37
Q

if separated before gastrulation, ectoderm becomes —

A

epidermis

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38
Q

why does gastrulation change what the ectoderm becomes

A

some significant interaction between the ectoderm and mesoderm and a time component

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39
Q

Spemann and Mangold experiment summary

A

works for compatible embryos (ex: chicken and quail)

transplant of dorsal lip from pigmented embryo to non-pigmented

formation of dual organism with shared 2nd axis

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40
Q

Spemann and Mangold exp findings

A

dorsal lip is the organizer

mesoderm can induce neural tissue formation in the animal pole cap ectoderm

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41
Q

how do zygote poles affect development

A

both poles required to form mesoderm

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42
Q

— transcription factor induces mesoderm formation

A

beta-catenin

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43
Q

indirect neural induction

A

animal cap + b-catenin = neural tissue + mesoderm

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44
Q

direct neural induction

A

animal cap + neural inducers = neural tissue

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45
Q

effect of UV radiation exposure on dorsal lip

A

loss of neural tissue

no CNS, no brain

46
Q

effect of lithium exposure on dorsal lip

A

upregulates neural transcription factors

large brain

47
Q

effect of lithium exposed mRNA injection and UV exposure on dorsal lip

A

normal development

48
Q

cDNA conversion to noggin protein effect

A

neural tissue formation

49
Q

how is noggin protein related to head development

A

proportional

0 noggin -> no head formation
large amount of noggin -> overproduction of head structures

50
Q

where is noggin mRNA found

A

dorsal lip of blastopore

51
Q

2 neural inducers

A

noggin and chordin

52
Q

how does noggin act

A

binds BMP -> suppresses BMP signaling -> change in gene expression -> turns ectoderm cells into neural cells

53
Q

normal function of BMP

A

stimulates ectodermal cell proliferation

54
Q

what and where are the organizers

A

BMP and TGF (follistatin) in the dorsal lip

55
Q

only need — in amphibians for neural tissue development

A

noggin

56
Q

need — in mammals for neural tissue development

A

noggin and chordin

57
Q

noggin embryonic KO

A

missing ear

58
Q

noggin and chordin embryonic KO

A

no neural tissue development

59
Q

activin as an organizer function

A

activin receptor = part of TGF signaling that regulates reproduction in adults and forms ectodermal cells in embryo

60
Q

injection of truncated activin receptor mRNA into dorsal lip

A

formation of neural tissue instead of ectoderm

61
Q

function of follistatin

A

bind activin

62
Q

function of TGF/BMP

A

form epidermis

63
Q

where are neuroblasts formed

A

neurogenic region (indention)

64
Q

function of neuroblast

A

make brain/spine of drosophila

65
Q

delamination of neuroblasts

A

“pinching out of line” of neural cells from neurogenic region

66
Q

1 neuroblast = _ GMC’s = _ neurons

A

infinite GMC’s
# neurons = 2 x # GMC’s

67
Q

what are neuroblasts

A

stem cells that make specific NS cell types

68
Q

what side are neural cells formed in Vertebrae

A

dorsal
(ventral = epidermis)

69
Q

what side are neural cells formed in Drosophila

A

ventral
(dorsal = epidermis)

70
Q

is the neurogenic region a uniform plate

A

no, not every cell is neurogenic

71
Q

what makes a cell a neuroblast

A

AS-C (Achaete scute) expression

72
Q

what is AS-C

A

transcription factor in Drosophila

73
Q

structure of AS-C

A

basic helix loop helix

74
Q

what happens in AS-C KO

A

no neuroblasts

75
Q

what happens in upregulation of AS-C

A

a lot of neuroblasts

76
Q

describe AS-C/Delta/Notch process

A

AS-C is produced in epidermal cells in neurogenic reason
Delta(mlcl)-Notch(receptor) signaling is activated
Delta-Notch inhibits AS-C expression
neuroblasts with more AS-C survive, express more Delta, and become neural cells
those with low AS-C are inhibited and no longer neural

77
Q

lateral inhibition

A

delta binds extracellular notch rec
gamma secretase cleaves notch in ICD
notch ICD migrates to nucleus
notch ICD interacts with SuH and activates E(spl)
E(spl) inhibits AS-C production

78
Q

lateral inhibition in neural plate

A

neurogenic cells produce AS-C
AS-C activates delta expression
Delta inhibits AS-C in neighbor

79
Q

when is polarity initiated

A

in oocyte pre-fertilization (zygote has poles before 1st division)

80
Q

how is polarity achieved

A

differences in genetic programming

81
Q

SKN-1 and polarity

A

SKN-1 only present in posterior side

82
Q

what is mitotic lineage

A

each cell division creates a specific cell type

83
Q

mosaic specification of cell fate

A

every cell follows its destiny regardless of neighbor

84
Q

what determines anterior-posterior polarity

A

mRNA binding to anchor proteins on posterior side

85
Q

nurse cells make —

A

bicoid mRNA

86
Q

what side does bicoid mRNA bind to in the developing egg

A

anterior

87
Q

function of bicoid

A

set order of developing embryo
(anterior = head, posterior = tail)

88
Q

what happens if bicoid mRNA is clustered in the middle rather than anterior side

A

head in center, tails on both ends

89
Q

what happens is bicoid mRNA is clustered on both anterior and posterior

A

2 heads on both ends

90
Q

3 maternal affect genes

A

bicoid, nanos, hunchback proteins

91
Q

function of maternal affect genes

A

provide plan for gradients of gap genes

92
Q

3 gap genes

A

hunchback, kruppel, knirps

93
Q

if bicoid increases, nanos —

A

decreases

94
Q

if nanos increases, hunchback —

A

decreases

95
Q

function of bicoid protein

A

inhibit transcription of nanos at anterior end

96
Q

function of nanos protein

A

inhibit hunchback expression

97
Q

function of hunchback

A

inhibit kruppel

98
Q

where does kruppel gradient lay in normal hunchback conditions

A

small gradient in middle of embryo

99
Q

where does kruppel gradient lay in low hunchback conditions

A

large gradient, anterior side heavy

100
Q

function of hox genes

A

encode for transcription factors to determine A-P gene expression

101
Q

hox gene structure

A

helix loop helix

102
Q

T2 hox gene expansion in drosophila

A

2 pairs of wings

103
Q

4 chromosomes of hox genes

A

6, 11, 15, 2

104
Q

hox genes only guide — to — in mammals

A

midbrain to back

105
Q

what are rhombomeres

A

8 subdivisions of hindbrain

106
Q

function of rhombomeres

A

form ganglia of cranial nerves

107
Q

what rhombomeres guide trigeminal nerve growth

A

2-5

108
Q

what rhombomeres guide facial nerve growth

A

4

109
Q

what rhombomeres guide vagus nerve growth

A

7 and 8

110
Q

Hoxa1 mutant rhombomere KO of r5

A

reduced facial nerve, loss of abducens nerve

111
Q

hox function redundancy

A

compensation if hox genes mutated unless both are affected (ex: AA/DD vs aa/DD vs AA/dd vs aa/dd)

KSU (3 decks)

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