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KSU > Neuro Disorders - Unit 1 > Flashcards

Neuro Disorders - Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

parts of the CNS

A

brain, spinal cord

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2
Q

parts of PNS

A

ganglion cells and nerve cells projecting from spinal cord

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3
Q

function of the brain in CNS

A

receive and process sensory and higher cognitive information (i.e. emotions, thinking, etc)

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4
Q

function of spinal cord in CNS

A

conducts signals to and from brain
motor activity

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5
Q

2 types of neurons in PNS

A

motor and sensory

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6
Q

function of motor neurons in PNS

A

connects CNS to muscles and glands

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7
Q

function of sensory neurons in PNS

A

connect sensory organs to CNS

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8
Q

2 systems of motor neurons

A

somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

function of somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary movement

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10
Q

function of autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary responses

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11
Q

divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

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12
Q

sympathetic division function

A

fight or flight

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13
Q

parasympathetic division function

A

rest or digest

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14
Q

4 directions of rostro-caudal axis

A

dorsal - top
ventral - bottom
rostral - forward
caudal - back

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15
Q

4 directions of medial-lateral axis

A

medial - middle
lateral - side to side
dorsal - top
ventral - back

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16
Q

3 section planes

A

horizontal
coronal
sagittal

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17
Q

how is the brain protected

A

meninges, bone, and skin cover the brain
cerebrospinal fluid in ventricles deliver nutrients and absorb shock
blood brain barrier prevents entry of toxins

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18
Q

3 meninges layers

A

dura mater (outer)
arachnoid
pia mater (inner)

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19
Q

how is the spinal cord protected

A

open structure, vertebrae encase the nerves/cord

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20
Q

main ventricles in the brain

A

left, right, third, fourth

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21
Q

function of blood vessels in the brain

A

deliver nutrients and oxygen to the brainp

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22
Q

function of ventricles in the brain

A

connect brain to spinal cord
filled with cerebrospinal fluid to facilitate communication
buffer damage
monitor development

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23
Q

3 major brain divisions

A

forebrain (front)
midbrain (middle)
hindbrain (back)

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24
Q

major parts of forebrain

A

telencephalon
diencephalon

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25
Q

major parts of midbrain

A

mesenephalon

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26
Q

major parts of hindbrain

A

metencephalon
myelencephalon

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27
Q

function of forebrain structures

A

receive/process sensory information
higher cognitive functions
control language and motor function

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28
Q

3 major structures of forebrain

A

cerebral cortex
limbic system
basal ganglia

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29
Q

function of cerebral cortex

A

executive function/integration

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30
Q

function of limbic system

A

emotion, memory, learning, motivation

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31
Q

function of basal ganglia

A

motor control, motivation/reward

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32
Q

mental illness’ associate with basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s and Huntington’s

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33
Q

function of cortical areas

A

higher functioning (decision making, language, etc)

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34
Q

function of subcortical areas

A

primitive functions (memory, emotion, pleasure, hormones, etc)

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35
Q

cortical area structure in limbic system

A

hippocampus

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36
Q

subcortical area structures in limbic system

A

amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus

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37
Q

functions of thalamus/hypothalamus

A

emotion, motivation, autonomic activity

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38
Q

functions of cingulate gyrus

A

emotion, learning, memory

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39
Q

mental disorder associated with damaged forebrain

A

schizophrenia

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40
Q

structure of basal ganglia

A

subcortical nuclei

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41
Q

4 lobes of forebrain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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42
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

cognition, speech, motor

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43
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

somatosensory function, speech, taste, reading

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44
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

hearing, smell

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45
Q

function of occipital lobe

A

vision

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46
Q

what is the cortical homunculus

A

map of brain areas devoted to human body

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47
Q

function of midbrain

A

relay auditory/visual information via connections to facial nerves
control motor function

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48
Q

function of hindbrain

A

basic vital life functions for survival (breathing, blood pressure, sleep, etc)

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49
Q

structures of hindbrain

A

cerebellum, medulla, pons
(fiber tract running between brain and spinal cord)

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50
Q

cell types in the brain

A

astrocyte, microglia, oligodendrocyte, neurons

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51
Q

structure of a neuron

A

dendrites, cell body, nucleus, axon, myelin sheath, axon terminals

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52
Q

unipolar neuron structure/function

A

1 process (axon) leaving cell body
sensory neurons with receptors in skin/joints/muscles/internal organs

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53
Q

bipolar neuron structure/function

A

2 processes (axons) leaving cell body
sensory neurons of visual and auditory systems

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54
Q

multipolar neuron structure/function

A

multiple axons
integration of information from multiple other neurons

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55
Q

3 principal types of multipolar neurons

A

motor neuron of spinal cord
pyramidal cell of hippocampus
purkinjie cell of cerebellum

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56
Q

most abundant cells of human brain

A

astrocytes

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57
Q

main component of blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes

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58
Q

function of astrocytes

A

provide nutrients and ions to nervous tissues
repair scar tissue after injury
uptake and produce neurotransmitters

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59
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

provide insulation to axons by forming the myelin sheath

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60
Q

equivalent of myelin sheath in PNS

A

schwann cells

61
Q

a single oligodendrocyte can extend to —- axons while schwann cells can extend to —-

A

50, 1

62
Q

function of myelin sheath

A

insulate axon
speeds up movement of electrical impulses for neuronal communication
form nodes of ranvier

63
Q

purpose of nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath where action potential are transmitted

64
Q

what are microglia

A

macrophages of the CNS
1st line of active immune defense (clear cellular debris, attack toxins, etc)

65
Q

4 functions of neurons and location on neuron

A

reception (input) - dendrites
integration - cell body
conduction- axon
transmission (output) - axon terminal/synapses

66
Q

function of the striatum

A

input for basal ganglia to control voluntary motor function

67
Q

damage to substantia nigra mental disorder

A

Parkinson’s
cells are dead —> impair movement

68
Q

meaning of larger ventral tegmental area

A

responsible for reward/motivation
enhanced in drug addicts

69
Q

function of cerebellum

A

balance

70
Q

unipolar and bipolar neurons are found in

A

spinal cord and PNS

71
Q

multipolar neurons are found in

A

brain cells (only type of neurons in the brain)

72
Q

what brain structure has pyramidal neurons

A

hippocampus

73
Q

what brain structure has purkinje neurons

A

cerebellum

74
Q

why do synapses have a gap

A

transmit multiple messages simultaneously
easier to disconnect
control rate/amount of messaging and reuptake of chemicals

75
Q

what direction is neuronal communication in the brain

A

unidirectional (pre to post, only post to pre with electrical synapses where neurons touch)

76
Q

function of SSRI’s

A

inhibit serotonin reuptake
keep serotonin expressing

77
Q

where are action potentials

A

membranes

78
Q

difference between Na+/K+ pump and Na+ or K+ channel

A

pump pushes 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in simultaneously
channels move one or the other

79
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70 mV (+ extra, - intra)

80
Q

where do action potentials start on neurons

A

transferred from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic via synapse

81
Q

— are required for communication across synapse

A

ion channels

82
Q

action potentials are direct consequences of —

A

voltage gated cation channels

83
Q

how are action potentials propagated forward

A

voltage reaches threshold potential, opens one channel which triggers the next to open before becoming inactive again

84
Q

why does Na+ only move into the cell via Na+ channels

A

follows the concentration gradient produced by Na+/K+ pumps

85
Q

5 phases of action potential

A

resting state
threshold
depolarization
repolarization
undershoot

86
Q

channels in resting potential state

A

Na+ and K+ channels close

87
Q

channels in threshold state

A

some Na+ channels open

88
Q

channels in depolarization state

A

more Na+ channels open

89
Q

channels in repolarization state

A

some Na+ close, K+ channels open

90
Q

channels in undershoot state

A

all close

91
Q

where are action potentials initiated

A

axon hillock (dendrites/cell body)

92
Q

all action potentials are the —-

A

same size
all or none

93
Q

how do action potentials cross synapses

A

via vesicle fusion carrying neurotransmitters

94
Q

— are required on postsynaptic neuron to receive/propagate action potential

A

receptors

95
Q

how can action potential transmission be stopped

A

reuptake, degradation via enzymes, diffusion out of synaptic cleft

96
Q

overexpression of — connected to epilepsy

A

GABA neurotransmitter

97
Q

peptides are — that can act as —

A

proteins, neurotransmitters

98
Q

steps of neurotransmitter action

A

bind to receptor proteins
activate small proteins
activate effector proteins

99
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

fast (ms)
ion flow
direct messaging
ion channels

100
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

slow (s)
G coupled receptors
2nd messenger cascade (initial message ends when substrate binds to receptor)
enzyme linked action

101
Q

what is neurulation (neural induction)

A

starting from a single cell (zygote), the process of dividing and differentiating cells

102
Q

what is neural migration

A

neurons are “born” in the brain and move to the specified locations to perform functions determined by what genes are expressed in the cell

103
Q

most important time during pregnancy for development

A

1st trimester

104
Q

what does the neural tube develop into

A

central nervous system

105
Q

what does the notochord develop into

A

spinal cord

106
Q

what does the anterior neural fold develop into

A

brain

107
Q

malformation in anencephaly

A

anterior closure issue (anterior neural fold does not close properly (brain))

108
Q

malformation in spina bifida

A

posterior closure issue (notochord)

109
Q

frequency of neural tube defects

A

1 in 2000 births in the U.S.

110
Q

main contributors to neural tube defects

A

insufficient folic acid (lack of vitamin B6/B9)
genetic mutations

111
Q

function of neural crest

A

starts forming PNS, glia, craniofacial cartilage, bone, and smooth muscle

112
Q

what factors determines how a cell differentiates

A

location in brain (rostro-caudal / dorsal-ventral)
expression of different transcription factors

113
Q

function of BMP and SHH proteins in development

A

aid in closing the neural tube

114
Q

function of ventricles

A

brain growth, protection, waste removal, and transportation

115
Q

origin of neural progenitors

A

neural (neuroepithelial) stem cells

116
Q

function of neural progenitors

A

make stem cells in neural tube and differentiation
take over role of neural stem cells during 2nd and 3rd trimester

117
Q

function of neural stem cells

A

create base forms for development
non-specific cells

118
Q

are stem cells or progenitors used for cell proliferation in early development

A

both

119
Q

2 regions surrounding ventricles in embryonic nervous system

A

ventricular/subventricular zones (cerebral cortex)
central canal of spinal cord

120
Q

chemical marker of neural stem cells/progenitors

A

Sox2

121
Q

where are stem cells located in the embryonic nervous system

A

middle of the structure

122
Q

what are the empty spaces surrounding the ventricles in the embryonic nervous system

A

no stem cells present
filled with cerebrospinal fluid

123
Q

2 classical niches in the postnatal nervous system

A

subventricular zone of lateral ventricle
subgranular zone of dentate gyrus

124
Q

function of the 2 classical niches

A

produce new neurons in the brain

125
Q

where in the brain are the ventricular zone

A

hippocampus

126
Q

what is BrdU used as a marker for

A

monitor cell proliferation in cancerous tumors

127
Q

BrdU is a — analog

A

nucleic acid (thymine)

128
Q

do neural cells proliferate in adulthood

A

unknown: different methods and research yield different results

129
Q

3 neural progenitors in the developing brain

A

radial glial progenitors (RG)
intermediate progenitors (IP)
outer subventricular (oRG)

130
Q

where are RG’s

A

ventricular zone

131
Q

how are RG’s organized in the brain

A

cell bodies in the VZ
project fibers radially

132
Q

where are IP’s

A

subventricular zone

133
Q

how are IP’s organized in the brain

A

cell bodies cluster in SVZ
no fibers

134
Q

marker for RG’s

A

BLBP

135
Q

marker for IP’s

A

Tbr2

136
Q

lack of IP cause the brain to be — in size

A

smaller (decrease in neurogenesis)

137
Q

how are oRG’s different from RG’s

A

lack the apical processes
in outer SVZ

138
Q

3 evolutionary changes in the brain

A

size
folding/surface area

139
Q

why does the human brain have so much folding

A

to increase the surface area for the higher number of neurons

140
Q

oRG’s can generate — (3)

A

oRG’s
neurons
immature IP’s

141
Q

IP’s can generate — (2)

A

neurons
IP

142
Q

RG’s can generate — (3)

A

RG’s
IP’s
neuron

143
Q

compare proliferation rate in humans to other animals

A

much faster in humans—> highest # of neurons in proportion to size

144
Q

result of Wnt presence

A

accumulation of beta catenin = gene expression

145
Q

result of Wnt absence

A

beta catenin degradation = no gene expression

146
Q

result of overexpressed beta catenin

A

enlarged brain
rapid cell proliferation

147
Q

result of beta catenin knockout

A

decrease brain size
decreased proliferation

148
Q

notch signaling activates —

A

transcription factors (NICD)
gene expression/transcription

KSU (3 decks)

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