Neurodevelopment disorders

Question 1

When is global development delay diagnosis used?

Answer 1

Individuals who are unable to undergo systematic assessments of intellectual functioning:

• -children who are too young to participate in standardized testing
• -acquired insult during development period
• -severe head injury

Question 2

impairments of adaptive functioning (4)?

Answer 2

• -communication
• -social participation
• -academic or occupational functioning
• -personal independence at home or community settings

Question 3

Intellectual development disorder conceptual domain

Answer 3

• -conceptual skills lag markedly behind peers
• -for preschoolers, language skills develop slowly
• -for school-aged, progress in academic settings lags behind peers
• -for adults, support is required for all use of academic skills in work & personal life

Question 4

intellectual development disorder social domain

Answer 4

• -immature in social situations
• -has trouble making friends
• -conversation & language more concrete & less mature
• -difficulties regulating emotion–noticed by peers
• -easily manipulated in social situations

Question 5

intellectual development disorder practical domain

Answer 5

• -difficulty with age-appropriate personal care
• -adults need help grocery shopping, transportation, food prep, and money management
• -difficulty making good decisions about personal well-being & recreational activity

Question 6

Autism spectrum disorder–social communication

Answer 6

• -deficits in social-emotional reciprocity: can’t hold back & forth conversation, reduced sharing of interests, emotions, etc.
• -deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors: abnormalities in eye contact & body language, lack of facial expressions
• -deficits in developing & understandings relationships: can’t adjust behavior to suit social situations, hard time making friends

Question 7

autism spectrum disorder–repetitive, restricted behaviors

Answer 7

Need at least 2

• -repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech
• -insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to schedules, rigid thinking patterns
• -highly restricted interests that are abnormal in intensity
• -hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input

Question 8

autism spectrum disorder–other diagnostic critera

Answer 8

• -symptoms must be present in early development period (may not be fully manifested until social demands exceed limits)
• -symptoms must cause impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning
• -not better explained by intellectual disability or global development delay

Question 9

what is the most useful behavioral intervention for autism?

Answer 9

–most useful is education & support for parents, siblings, teachers, etc

Question 10

What medications are used for autism?

Answer 10

risperidone & aripiprazole are used for irritability & agitation

Question 11

what subtype of ADHD are females more likely to have?

Answer 11

inattentive

• -less disruptive behavior
• -can lead to under identification & lack of tx

Question 12

What are some common comorbid disorders associated with adult ADHD?

Answer 12

mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance abuse disorders, intermittent explosive disorder

Question 13

What is tourette’s syndrome triad?

Answer 13

tics, ADHD, and obsessive compulsive symptoms

• -childhood onset characterized by motor & vocal tics that last more than 1 yr
• -both attention symptoms and obsessive symptoms often don’t meet the full criteria for the relevant diagnosis

Question 14

executive functioning issue

Answer 14

• -info processing dysfunction within the prefrontal cortex

- -due to deficiency of dopamine & NE

Question 15

Which region of brain has been consistently linked dysfunctions in ADHD

Answer 15

dorsal anterior midcingulate cortex

Question 16

How many symptoms should children present with to make a diagnosis of ADHD? adults?

Answer 16

children–6 or more

adults–5 or more

Question 17

characteristics of inattentive type ADHD

Answer 17

• -fails to pay close att to details or makes careless mistakes
• -has difficulty sustaining att
• -does not appear to listen
• -stuggles to follow instructions
• -has hard time with organization
• -avoids tasks with lots of thinking
• -loses things
• -is easily distracted
• -is forgetful in daily activities

Question 18

characteristics of hyperactive type ADHD

Answer 18

• -fidgets with hands or feet/ squirms in chair
• -has difficulty remaining seated
• -restlessness
• -difficulty in being quiet during activities
• -acts as if driven by a motor
• -talks excessively
• -blurts out answers before questions have been completed
• -difficulty waiting or taking turns

Question 19

what are 2 diagnostic tools used for ADHD

Answer 19

test of variables of attention

conners continuous performance test

Question 20

tx for children pre-school age ADHD

Answer 20

behavior therapy administered by parent/teacher (first line)

methylphenidate if therapy does not show significant improvement

Question 21

tx for school aged kids (6-11) ADHD

Answer 21

prescribe FDA approved meds & behavior therapy

Question 22

tx for adolescents ADHD

Answer 22

prescribe FDA approved meds (with assent from pt) & hopefully behavior therapy

Question 23

Tourette’s disorder diagnostics

Answer 23

• -multiple tics & one or more phonic tics must be present at some time during illness
• -tics must occur many times throughout day most days for more than a yr
• -onset of tics before 18 (DSM) or 21
• -cannot be explained by another medical condition

Question 24

What are the most common comorbidities of tourettes?

Answer 24

–ADHD
–OCD
–anxiety disorders
–mood disorders with risk of suicide
disruptive behaviors, sleep disorders, and learning disabilities are common