neurodegenerative disorders

Question 1

area where voluntary movement is generated

Answer 1

cerebral cortex

Question 2

weakness

Answer 2

motor cortex and pathways (UMN types of weakness)

spasticity and hyperreflexia

Question 3

ataxia

Answer 3

cerebellum and connections
dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, intention tremor, hypotonia
sensory nerves and pathways

Question 4

extrapyramidal

Answer 4

rigidity

bradykinesia/hyperkinesia

Question 5

apraxia

Answer 5

higher order motor deficit in planning and sequencing motor tasks

Question 6

movement disorders

Answer 6

neurologic syndromes - excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and automatic movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity
hyperkinesia, hypokinesia
often associated with pathology of the basal ganglia

Question 7

hyperkinetic disorders

Answer 7

tremor, dystonia
chorea, athetosis, hemiballismus
myoclonus, hemifacial spasm, ataxia
tics, stereotypy, restless leg syndrome

Question 8

hypokinetic disorders

Answer 8

bradykinesea, akinesia, hypokinesia

freezing

Question 9

abnormalities of muscle tone

Answer 9

rigidity - increased muscle tone present equally in all directions of passive movement and throughout range of movement
smooth (leadpipe) or jerky (cogwheeling)

Question 10

tremor

Answer 10

rhythmic, oscillartoy movements
rest, action, posture, intention
frequency
regular or irregular

Question 11

dystonia

Answer 11

involuntary sustained muscle contractions which lead to twisting and repetitive movements of abnormal postures of the affected body part
parts of the affected - focal, segmental, hemidystonia, generalised

Question 12

chorea

Answer 12

involuntary, irregular, purposeless, non-rhythmic, abrupt, rapid movements that flow from one body part to another

Question 13

hemiballismus / ballism

Answer 13

large amplitude choreic movements of proximal parts of the limbs

Question 14

Tics

Answer 14

involuntary repetitive movements, suppressible, compulsive, variability, migration
urge and relief

Question 15

dyskinesia

Answer 15

rapid, involuntary, irregular movements including twitches, jerking, twisting movements

Question 16

akinesia

Answer 16

absence of movement

Question 17

bradykinesia

Answer 17

slowness of movement

Question 18

hypokinesia

Answer 18

decreased amplitude of movement

Question 19

bradyphrenia

Answer 19

mental slowness

Question 20

freezing

Answer 20

transient periods, lasting seconds, when the motor act is halted, being stuck in place

Question 21

myoclonus

Answer 21

sudden, brief, shock-like movements caused by. muscle contraction (positive) or inhibition (negative)

Question 22

athetosis

Answer 22

hyperkinetic
slow, writhing, continuous, involuntary movements affecting limbs, trunk or cranial muscles, may blend with abnormal postures (dystonia) or with faster movements (chorea)