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Psychopathology > Neurocognitive disorders > Flashcards

Neurocognitive disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cause of neurocognitive disorders?

A

-Physical or medical causes (not psychologically based)
—Cause can be directly determined (unlike psychological disorders)

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2
Q

What do the neurocognitive disorders have?

A

-Disorders have very specific symptom set or pathology

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3
Q

What are true about neurocognitive disorders?

A

Subject of very extensive research and have a lot of concesice

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4
Q

What do neurocognitive disorders affect?

A

Affect brain functioning

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5
Q

What are the deficiencies in neurocognitive disorders?

A

Deficits in cognitive functioning

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6
Q

What are the marked changes in neurocognitive disorders?

A

Marked change in prior level of functioning

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7
Q

What is delirium?

A

a disturbance in attention and awareness (change)

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8
Q

How does delirium develop?

A

Develops over short period of time, fluctuates in severity

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9
Q

What are additional disturbances in cognition (with delirium)?

A

-Usually recent memory impairment
-Person disoriented
—Person, place and time
—Sometimes people don’t know who they are
-Perceptual disturbances
—Misinterpreting stimuli, hallucinations

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10
Q

What are the causes of delirium?

A

-Head injury
-Stroke
-CNS disorders
-Metabolic disorders
-Underlying medical conditions
-Drug abuse and withdrawal
-Fluid imbalance
-Vitamin B deficiency

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11
Q

Is delirium reversible?

A

-Some causes reversible; delirium will clear
—VItamin B deficiency

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12
Q

How do you diagnose delirium?

A

Make sure not due to person being in coma, other psychological issue

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13
Q

What are major neurocognitive disorders?

A

-Profound decline or deterioration
—Can interfere with person’s ability to care for themselves

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14
Q

What are the causes of major neurocognitive disorders?

A

Multiple causes

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15
Q

In what cases can may major neurocognitive disorders?

A

-May be reversible in some cases
—Removable brain tumor
—Treatable infections
—Depression
—Substance abuse

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16
Q

What is mild neurocognitive disorders?

A

-Mild or modest decline in cognitive functioning
—Using greater compensatory skills, difficulty using language, people with high levels of intelligence can delay others knowing they have difficulties

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17
Q

What is important about mild neurocognitive disorders?

A

-Important new diagnosis
—Allows for early intervention

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of neurocognitive disorders?

A

-Neurocognitive disorder due to alzheimer’s disease
—Most common cause of neurocognitive disorder

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19
Q

What is common with neurocognitive disorders due to Alzheimer’s?

A

Dementia (memory impairment) and deterioration of other cognitive functions

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20
Q

What are examples of the deterioration of other cognitive functions due to Alzheimer’s?

A

-Trouble with word-finding
-Forgetfulness
-Visual-spatial deficits
-Impaired judgment

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21
Q

What is trouble with word finding?

A

-Trouble with word-finding: cannot remember commonly used scores
—Tests compared to others age

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22
Q

What are the visual-spatial deficiencies seen in Alzheimer’s?

A

-People get lost
-Get in car to go to the grocery store and end up somewhere else

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23
Q

What the timeline of neurocognitive disorders due to Alzheimer’s like?

A

-Early-on: subtle personality changes that become more progressive
-Insidious onset, gradual, steady progression
—As progresses, may forget long-term memory like how to subtle
——Insidious = subtle

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24
Q

What causes the neurocognitive disorders due to Alzhiemer?

A

-No evidence of other cause
–unlike stroke or delirium

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25
Q

What does the research on neurocognitive disorders due to Alzheimer’s?

A

-Unsure what causes
-No effective treatment
-Perhaps development of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques
-Some people have these but do not have alzheimer’s

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26
Q

What are neurofibrillary?

A

Neurofibrillary: twisted fibers that consist of protein called TAU impairs structure of neurons involved in transport

27
Q

What are amyloid plaques?

A

Amyloid plaques: beta-amyloid protein (in normal brains broken down and eliminated) accumulate and become hard, insoluble plaques interfering with neurons

28
Q

What is the prevalence of alzheime?

A

-Prevalence of alzheimer’s disease among older adults
-Not typical of age development but more at risk with age
-Prevalence increased because age of death is getting older

29
Q

What is the second leading cause of neurocognitive disorders?

A

Vascular neurocognitive disorder

30
Q

What does vascular mean?

A

dealing with blood vessels

31
Q

What is the onset of vascular neurcognitive disorders?

A

-Onset of cognitive deficits due to cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
—Usually blood clot in brain blood vessel causing

32
Q

How does vascular neurocognitive disorder typically occur?

A

Typically occurs abruptly and follows stepwise progression with rapid decline

33
Q

How can you tell what side the stroke occurs on?

A

-Stroke on left side: aphasia (language impairment)
—Assume on right side of brain if no language impairment

34
Q

What is front-temporal neurocognitive disorder?

A

-Deterioration of brain tissue in frontal and temporal lobes
-Memory loss (not as severe as alzheimers) and inappropriate social functioning

35
Q

What is important about the structures involved in fronto-temporal neurocognitive disorder?

A

-Frontal lobes inhibit our actions
—Typical behavioral components: apathy, etc.
-Temporal lobes role in storage of memories

36
Q

What evidence is there that neurocognitive disorder is due to traumatic brain injury?

A

-Evidence of traumatic brain injury
-Specific deficits vary with injury site, age, etc

37
Q

What is the most common neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury

A

Most common: short term memory

38
Q

What improves your prognosis?

A

Younger a person is, better prognosis is due to brain malleability in younger years

39
Q

What is typical of neurocognitive disorders due to traumatic brain?

A

Loss of consciousness typical

40
Q

What are the neurological signs of neurocognitive disorders due to traumatic brain?

A

Neurological signs: seizure activity, lose certain areas of function

41
Q

What is common of neurocognitive disorders due to traumatic brain injury?

A

-amnesia: forgetting

42
Q

What are the different types of amnesia?

A

-Anterograde: if person can’t remember things from time brain injury occurred forwards
-Retrograde: person can’t remember what happened before

43
Q

What is the spectrum of neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury

A

Mild - moderate - severe

44
Q

What is a mild form of neurcognitive disorder due to traumatic brain?

A

-Mild: concussion
—Multiple concussions can cause repetitive damage

45
Q

What is substance or medication induced neurocognitive disorder?

A

-Criteria met for neurocognitive disorder
-Involved substance or medication capable of producing neurocognitive impairment

46
Q

What is common about the course of substance or medication induced neurocognitive disorder?

A

Course of neurocognitive deficits consistent with timing of substance use

47
Q

What is alcohol induce neurocognitive disorder?

A

memory and impairment of typical cognitive functioning

48
Q

What are examples of substance or medication induced neurocognitive disorders?

A

-Korsakoff syndrome
-Wernicke’s disease

49
Q

What is Korsakoff syndrome?

A

-Korsakoff syndrome: substance-induced neurocognitive
—Chronic heavy alcohol abuse
—Irreversible memory loss due to vitamin B1 deficiency
—Different because the loss of long-term memory first

50
Q

What is Wernicke’s disease?

A

-Wernicke’s disease: heavy alcohol use, and vitamin B1 deficiency
—Eye movement paralysis

51
Q

What is neurcognitive disorder with lewy bodies?

A

-Profound cognitive decline
-Fluctuating alertness and attention
-Visual hallucinations
-RIgid body movements and muscle stiffness

52
Q

What are Lewy bodies?

A

Lew body’s: abnormal protein deposits in nuclei of brain cells –> disruption of process involving memory and motor control

53
Q

What is neurocognitive disorders due to Parkinson’s?

A

-Parkinsons: deterioration of substantia nigra and dopamine deficiency
—Uncontrollable tremors, shaking, rigid muscles, walking difficulties
-Majority of patients will develop major NCD or dementia

54
Q

What is the treatment of neurocognitive disorders due to Parkinson’s?

A

Medication: L-dopa that increases dopamine and can reduce some of the symptoms but no cure

55
Q

What are neurocognitive disorders due to Huntington’s disease?

A

-Huntington disease: inherited degenerative disease
-Mental deterioration
-Choreiform movements and motor impairments
-Insidious onset and gradual progression

56
Q

What is choreiform movements and motor impairment?

A

-Chorea: dance in greek
–Involuntary twisty, jerky movement of face limb and trunk
——apart of Huntington’s disease

57
Q

What is mental deterioration (Huntington’s disease)?

A

Progressive cognitive impairment

58
Q

What is the insidious onset and gradual progression of Huntington’s disease?

A

Cognitive symptoms usually decline first

59
Q

What is the median survival of Huntington’s disease?

A

Median survival after diagnosis: 15 years

60
Q

What are the neurocognitive disorders due to HIV?

A

-Impaired executive functioning
-Slowed processing speed
-Difficulty with demanding attentional tasks
-Difficulty with new learning

61
Q

What is impaired executive functioning due to HIV?

A

Decreased ability to concentrate and portable solve

62
Q

How do you test slowed processing speed due to HIV?

A

Testing: sorting beads by color

63
Q

What are the neurocognitive disorders due to prion disease?

A

Formation of abnormal cluster of prion molecules —> infection —–> brain damage —> major NCD

64
Q

What are two examples of neurocognitive disorders due to prion disease?

A

-Mad-cow disease in animals
-Creutzfeldt jakob disease

Psychopathology (6 decks)

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