Abnormal Behavior in Childhood and Adolescence Flashcards
What are the different anxiety disorders for children/adolescence?
-Generalized anxiety
-Separation anxiety
What is generalized anxiety?
-Low grade-anxiety present most of the time
-Becomes more typical in school age
What is separation anxiety disorder?
-Persistent, developmentally inappropriate fear or anxiety concerning separation from attachment figures
–Persistent fear of harm to parent
-Significant distress or impairment
-Most common in early childhood, can also occur in adolescence
What is depression in childhood?
-Irritability or low mood (instead of depressed mood)
-Hopelessness typical
-Low self-esteem, self-confidence, self-efficacy
-Insomnia, fatigue, poor appetite
-Distorted thinking patterns
What is neurodevelopment disorders in childhood?
-Neurologically based as children go through the developmental process
-Onset in developmental period (early childhood)
-Manifest most often before grade school
-Often when a child enters school, deficits or symptoms are noticed
What is intellectually disability?
deficits in both intellectual and adaptive functioning
What are deficits in intellectual functioning?
-Measured by IQ test administered by psychologist
—Stanford binet or WISC for children
-IQ score approximately 2 standard deviations or more below the mean
—70 or below
-Reasoning, planning, abstract reasoning, l-earning from experience, etc.
-Identify level of severity
—Mild: may be able to function relatively independently with support
What are deficits in adaptive functioning?
-Measured by observing child or others who know the child complete assessments of child
-Failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence as well as social responsibility
-Tend to not be able to manage deficits without ongoing support
What do individuals with intellectual disability likely experience?
Likely experience difficulties in communication and social participation, so they need to be seen across multiple environments
What would increase a child’s ability to function?
Early intervention increases child’s ability to function
What are the causes of intellectual disabilities in children?
-Down syndrome
-fragile X syndrome
-phenylketonuria (PKU)
-fetal alcohol syndrome
-lead
-severe nutritional deficits
-sickness
What is down syndrome?
-Down syndrome: Extra chromosome on the 21st pair
-Heightened risk for intellectual disabilities
-Characteristic physical looks
–Round face, short stature, short fingers, heart and respiratory problems,
—Life expectancy about 49 years of age
—–76.5 in the US
What is the fragile X syndrome?
-Fragile X syndrome: genetic mutation on single gene on x chromosome
—Can lead to a continuum of intellectual disability from mild to severe
What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?
-Phenylketonuria (PKU): genetic disorder occurring due to recessive gene that prevents metabolizing of protein known as phenyl-aline
—Builds up in child’s brain causing intellectual disability
——Causes damage to CNS
—In utero or after child is born
—Avoidable: If pregnant mom avoids phenyl-aline, the possibility of developing PKU is eliminated even if child has PKU
——Diet soda
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
-Fetal alcohol syndrome: alcohol consumption during pregnancy leads to intellectual disabilities
—Cells migrating in brain go to wrong person so brain does not form correctly
How does led impact intellect?
Lead: ingestion of lead causes intellectual disabilities
Paint chips, water sources etc.
What diseases impact intellect?
Measles, meningitis during infancy, birth complications, other toxins
What are interventions involved with intellectual disabilities?
-Early intervention
-Least restrictive environment (not separating from classmates) when possible
-Appropriate educational, vocational, psychological, social and practical supports
What is autism spectrum disorder?
Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts
What are the deficiencies with autism spectrum disorders?
-Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity
-Deficits in nonverbal communication
-Deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding relationships
-Evaluated against norms of gender
What are the deficiencies in social-emotional reciprocity?
Reduced sharing, interaction, etc
What are the deficiencies in nonverbal communication?
Absent or reduced eye contact, not using gestures, facial expressions not used in way that is typical, intonation of speech usually flat
What are the deficiencies in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships?
-Trouble in changing behavior to different contexts, imaginative play, making friends
-Absent of interest in peers
What is characteristic of autism of spectrum disorder?
-Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interest or activities (at least 2 of:)
—Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects or speech (echolalia)
—Insistent on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines or ritualized patterns of behavior
—Highly restricted, fixated interests abnormal in intensity or focus
—Hyper- or hypo- reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of environment
What is echolalia?
repeats same thing over and over typically when someone says something to say it back
What is also present in some individuals that demonstrate autism spectrum disorders?
savant syndrome
What is savant syndrome
Despite all the deficits, there is one particular area where they are extremely knowledgeable or good at
What are the statistics behind autism spectrum disorder?
-2% in the U.S.
-Risk increases in older dads
-More common in males than females
When does the diagnosis often come for autism spectrum disorder?
Diagnosis is at about 6 years of age
What is not supported with autism?
No support that vaccines cause autism
What are some theoretical perspectives with autism?
-Detached/cold parents
-Lovass
-Neurological/brain abnormalities
-Infection during pregnancy
What theory is discredited with autism?
Detached/cold parents (now discredited)
What is Lovass theory on autism?
-Lovass, 1979: Suggest perceptual difficulties involved
—–Over/under sensitivity as well as interpretation and making sense of incoming stimuli
What is the neurological/brain abnormalities theory on autism?
-Neurological/brain abnormalities suggested
—Neural circuitry issues
What theory in autism is not definite?
Infection during maternal pregnancy (not definite)
What are the interventions with autism spectrum disorder?
-Intensive, structured, individualized instruction
-Operant conditioning
What is specific learning disorders?
Persistent difficulties learning keystone academic skills
What is characteristic of specific learning disorders?
-Performance of affected academic skills well below average for age
-Learning difficulties readily apparent in early school years or become apparent with increased demand
How do you test for specific learning disorders?
-Test with IQ test and academic achievement score
-IQ average score and academic achievement score below average
Specific learning disorders with….
-Impairment in reading
-Impairment in written expression
-Impairment in mathematics
-Impairment in executive functioning
What are the impairments in reading?
-Impairment in reading
–Dyslexia: mapping letters, sounds, slow rate of reading
What are the impairments in mathematics?
-Impairment in mathematics
–Numbers, terms, memorization of arithmetic facts
What are the impairments in executive functioning?
-Impairment in executive functioning
—Problem solving, initiation, coordination of tasks
What is a language disorder?
-individual has persistent difficulty acquiring language and using language
–Deficits can be comprehension, reduced vocabulary, limited sentence structure
What is speech-sound disorder?
-persistent difficulty with producing speech sounds
—Limits ability to effectively communicate
—Not due to physical deformities like cleft palate, or hearing difficulties
What is childhood-onset fluency disorder?
-Pressure on certain parts of words, repetition on certain parts of words,
-Causes anxiety which tends to make disorder worse
What is childhood-onset fluency disorder often called?
stuttering
What is social-pragmatic communication disorder?
-deficits in understanding and following social rules of verbal and non-verbal communication
—Talking more loudly or quietly than expected, difficulty following conversation rules like turn-taking and story-telling
What is ADHD?
Persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or developmen
When does ADHD most often become apparent?
Before the age of 12 in more than one setting
What is inattention?
-Wandering off task, not being able to persist in completing a task, difficulty sustaining focus in completing a task, not giving close attention to details, careless mistakes, difficulty organizing, avoidance of task that involves those skills
-Lose things, misplace things, easily distracted, forgetful
What is hyperactivity?
-Hyperactivity: excessive, inappropriate motor activity
—Fidgeting, tapping, talking too much, running
What is impulsivity?
-Talk excessively, interrupt other people, intrude on others activities
-Hasty actions that occur in the moment without forethought
-Tendency for immediate gratification
-Difficulty delaying gratification
What are the three types of ADHD?
-Predominantly inattentive
-Predominantly hyperactive or impulsive
-Combined
What are the theoretical perspective of ADHD?
-Genetic contribution
-Brain Dysfunction
What does the genetic contribution theory suggest about ADHD?
-Genetic contribution suggested
—Higher level of concordance rates with MZ twins
—Typically runs in families
What does the brain dysfunction theory suggest about ADHD?
-Prefrontal cortex
—Brain imaging studies show there is dysfunction in prefrontal cortex which regulates attention and impulsivity
What are the different interventions involved with ADHD?
-Stimulants
-Behavior modification and skills training
-Cognitive behavioral therapy: “stop and think”
What are the stimulants used in ADHD intervention?
-Stimulants: adderall, ritalin, concerta
—Seems counterintuitive but they actually work because they activate the prefrontal cortex allowing the child to have greater use of that part of the brain
—Used during the school year
——Greater chance of lasting over time
—Side effects: stunt growth
What is the behavior modification/skills training intervention with ADHD?
Skills training: planning, organization, time management skills
What is the cognitive behavior therapy intervention with ADHD?
-“stop and think”
-Can be effective for children
-Explain to child benefits of stopping and thinking before acting
What is oppositional defiant disorder?
pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior or vindictiveness (spitefulness)
How do you diagnose oppositional defiant disorder?
4 symptoms lasting at least 6 months
What are the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder?
-Frequently losing temper, easily annoyed, angry and resentful, argumentative, defiant, actively defying requests to comply with rules, deliberately annoying others, blaming others for their own mistakes and behaviors
-Feelings of distress are not common
What is conduct disorder?
repetitive and persistent patterns of behavior in which basic rights of others or major-age appropriate societal norms are violated
What are examples of behavior of conduct disorders?
-Aggression to people and animals
-Destruction of property
-Deceitfulness or theft
-Serious violations of rules
What is aggression to peoples and animals?
Forcing others into sexual contact, harming animals
What is destruction of property?
Deliberately setting fires with intention of causing damage
What is deceitfulness or theft?
-Breaking into cars, buildings, etc.
-Stealing
What are serious violations of rules?
Running away from home, staying out at night, etc.
What is an important distinction between conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder?
Not all children who meet criteria for conduct disorder have antisocial personality disorder
What is the criteria for antisocial personality disorder?
-Conduct disorder is criteria for antisocial personality disorder
—SImilarity: ignoring or violating rights of other people
What is special about conduct and oppositional defiant disorders?
-share theories
What are the theories for conduct disorder?
-Difficult child temperament (innate temperament disposition)
-Unresolved child-parent conflicts
-Overly strictly, punitive parenting
-Psychodynamic
What does the innate temperament disposition suggest for conduct disorders?
-Difficult child temperament (innate temperament disposition)
—Highly reactive
—DIfficulty adapting to routines
Way does the psychodynamic theory suggest for conduct disorders?
fixations at the anal stage where child gets too much or too little gratification
What are the interventions for conduct disorders?
-Interventions: parent and child focused
—Parent training programs
——In behavior modification and effective parenting skills
What are enuresis?
repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes, involuntary or intentional
How do you diagnosis enuresis?
-2x a week for at least 3 consecutive months
-At Least 5 years of age
What is an important distinction for enuresis?
Not attributed to medical condition or substance (medication)
What is the treatment for enuresis?
-Typically goes away on it’s own with maturation
-Treatment
–Alarm set up in child’s bed that goes off in the middle of the night if bed is wet
What is encopresis?
repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places, involuntary or intentional
How do you diagnosis encopresis?
-1x a month for 3 months
-At Least 4 years of age
What is an important distinction for encopresis?
Not attributed to medical condition or substance
