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Psychopathology > Abnormal Behavior in Childhood and Adolescence > Flashcards

Abnormal Behavior in Childhood and Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different anxiety disorders for children/adolescence?

A

-Generalized anxiety
-Separation anxiety

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2
Q

What is generalized anxiety?

A

-Low grade-anxiety present most of the time
-Becomes more typical in school age

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3
Q

What is separation anxiety disorder?

A

-Persistent, developmentally inappropriate fear or anxiety concerning separation from attachment figures
–Persistent fear of harm to parent
-Significant distress or impairment
-Most common in early childhood, can also occur in adolescence

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4
Q

What is depression in childhood?

A

-Irritability or low mood (instead of depressed mood)
-Hopelessness typical
-Low self-esteem, self-confidence, self-efficacy
-Insomnia, fatigue, poor appetite
-Distorted thinking patterns

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5
Q

What is neurodevelopment disorders in childhood?

A

-Neurologically based as children go through the developmental process
-Onset in developmental period (early childhood)
-Manifest most often before grade school
-Often when a child enters school, deficits or symptoms are noticed

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6
Q

What is intellectually disability?

A

deficits in both intellectual and adaptive functioning

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7
Q

What are deficits in intellectual functioning?

A

-Measured by IQ test administered by psychologist
—Stanford binet or WISC for children
-IQ score approximately 2 standard deviations or more below the mean
—70 or below
-Reasoning, planning, abstract reasoning, l-earning from experience, etc.
-Identify level of severity
—Mild: may be able to function relatively independently with support

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8
Q

What are deficits in adaptive functioning?

A

-Measured by observing child or others who know the child complete assessments of child
-Failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence as well as social responsibility
-Tend to not be able to manage deficits without ongoing support

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9
Q

What do individuals with intellectual disability likely experience?

A

Likely experience difficulties in communication and social participation, so they need to be seen across multiple environments

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10
Q

What would increase a child’s ability to function?

A

Early intervention increases child’s ability to function

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11
Q

What are the causes of intellectual disabilities in children?

A

-Down syndrome
-fragile X syndrome
-phenylketonuria (PKU)
-fetal alcohol syndrome
-lead
-severe nutritional deficits
-sickness

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12
Q

What is down syndrome?

A

-Down syndrome: Extra chromosome on the 21st pair
-Heightened risk for intellectual disabilities
-Characteristic physical looks
–Round face, short stature, short fingers, heart and respiratory problems,
—Life expectancy about 49 years of age
—–76.5 in the US

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13
Q

What is the fragile X syndrome?

A

-Fragile X syndrome: genetic mutation on single gene on x chromosome
—Can lead to a continuum of intellectual disability from mild to severe

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14
Q

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

-Phenylketonuria (PKU): genetic disorder occurring due to recessive gene that prevents metabolizing of protein known as phenyl-aline
—Builds up in child’s brain causing intellectual disability
——Causes damage to CNS
—In utero or after child is born
—Avoidable: If pregnant mom avoids phenyl-aline, the possibility of developing PKU is eliminated even if child has PKU
——Diet soda

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15
Q

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

-Fetal alcohol syndrome: alcohol consumption during pregnancy leads to intellectual disabilities
—Cells migrating in brain go to wrong person so brain does not form correctly

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16
Q

How does led impact intellect?

A

Lead: ingestion of lead causes intellectual disabilities
Paint chips, water sources etc.

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17
Q

What diseases impact intellect?

A

Measles, meningitis during infancy, birth complications, other toxins

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18
Q

What are interventions involved with intellectual disabilities?

A

-Early intervention
-Least restrictive environment (not separating from classmates) when possible
-Appropriate educational, vocational, psychological, social and practical supports

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19
Q

What is autism spectrum disorder?

A

Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts

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20
Q

What are the deficiencies with autism spectrum disorders?

A

-Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity
-Deficits in nonverbal communication
-Deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding relationships
-Evaluated against norms of gender

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21
Q

What are the deficiencies in social-emotional reciprocity?

A

Reduced sharing, interaction, etc

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22
Q

What are the deficiencies in nonverbal communication?

A

Absent or reduced eye contact, not using gestures, facial expressions not used in way that is typical, intonation of speech usually flat

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23
Q

What are the deficiencies in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships?

A

-Trouble in changing behavior to different contexts, imaginative play, making friends
-Absent of interest in peers

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24
Q

What is characteristic of autism of spectrum disorder?

A

-Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interest or activities (at least 2 of:)
—Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects or speech (echolalia)
—Insistent on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines or ritualized patterns of behavior
—Highly restricted, fixated interests abnormal in intensity or focus
—Hyper- or hypo- reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of environment

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25
Q

What is echolalia?

A

repeats same thing over and over typically when someone says something to say it back

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26
Q

What is also present in some individuals that demonstrate autism spectrum disorders?

A

savant syndrome

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27
Q

What is savant syndrome

A

Despite all the deficits, there is one particular area where they are extremely knowledgeable or good at

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28
Q

What are the statistics behind autism spectrum disorder?

A

-2% in the U.S.
-Risk increases in older dads
-More common in males than females

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29
Q

When does the diagnosis often come for autism spectrum disorder?

A

Diagnosis is at about 6 years of age

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30
Q

What is not supported with autism?

A

No support that vaccines cause autism

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31
Q

What are some theoretical perspectives with autism?

A

-Detached/cold parents
-Lovass
-Neurological/brain abnormalities
-Infection during pregnancy

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32
Q

What theory is discredited with autism?

A

Detached/cold parents (now discredited)

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33
Q

What is Lovass theory on autism?

A

-Lovass, 1979: Suggest perceptual difficulties involved
—–Over/under sensitivity as well as interpretation and making sense of incoming stimuli

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34
Q

What is the neurological/brain abnormalities theory on autism?

A

-Neurological/brain abnormalities suggested
—Neural circuitry issues

35
Q

What theory in autism is not definite?

A

Infection during maternal pregnancy (not definite)

36
Q

What are the interventions with autism spectrum disorder?

A

-Intensive, structured, individualized instruction
-Operant conditioning

37
Q

What is specific learning disorders?

A

Persistent difficulties learning keystone academic skills

38
Q

What is characteristic of specific learning disorders?

A

-Performance of affected academic skills well below average for age
-Learning difficulties readily apparent in early school years or become apparent with increased demand

39
Q

How do you test for specific learning disorders?

A

-Test with IQ test and academic achievement score
-IQ average score and academic achievement score below average

40
Q

Specific learning disorders with….

A

-Impairment in reading
-Impairment in written expression
-Impairment in mathematics
-Impairment in executive functioning

41
Q

What are the impairments in reading?

A

-Impairment in reading
–Dyslexia: mapping letters, sounds, slow rate of reading

42
Q

What are the impairments in mathematics?

A

-Impairment in mathematics
–Numbers, terms, memorization of arithmetic facts

43
Q

What are the impairments in executive functioning?

A

-Impairment in executive functioning
—Problem solving, initiation, coordination of tasks

44
Q

What is a language disorder?

A

-individual has persistent difficulty acquiring language and using language
–Deficits can be comprehension, reduced vocabulary, limited sentence structure

45
Q

What is speech-sound disorder?

A

-persistent difficulty with producing speech sounds
—Limits ability to effectively communicate
—Not due to physical deformities like cleft palate, or hearing difficulties

46
Q

What is childhood-onset fluency disorder?

A

-Pressure on certain parts of words, repetition on certain parts of words,
-Causes anxiety which tends to make disorder worse

47
Q

What is childhood-onset fluency disorder often called?

A

stuttering

48
Q

What is social-pragmatic communication disorder?

A

-deficits in understanding and following social rules of verbal and non-verbal communication
—Talking more loudly or quietly than expected, difficulty following conversation rules like turn-taking and story-telling

49
Q

What is ADHD?

A

Persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or developmen

50
Q

When does ADHD most often become apparent?

A

Before the age of 12 in more than one setting

51
Q

What is inattention?

A

-Wandering off task, not being able to persist in completing a task, difficulty sustaining focus in completing a task, not giving close attention to details, careless mistakes, difficulty organizing, avoidance of task that involves those skills
-Lose things, misplace things, easily distracted, forgetful

52
Q

What is hyperactivity?

A

-Hyperactivity: excessive, inappropriate motor activity
—Fidgeting, tapping, talking too much, running

53
Q

What is impulsivity?

A

-Talk excessively, interrupt other people, intrude on others activities
-Hasty actions that occur in the moment without forethought
-Tendency for immediate gratification
-Difficulty delaying gratification

54
Q

What are the three types of ADHD?

A

-Predominantly inattentive
-Predominantly hyperactive or impulsive
-Combined

55
Q

What are the theoretical perspective of ADHD?

A

-Genetic contribution
-Brain Dysfunction

56
Q

What does the genetic contribution theory suggest about ADHD?

A

-Genetic contribution suggested
—Higher level of concordance rates with MZ twins
—Typically runs in families

57
Q

What does the brain dysfunction theory suggest about ADHD?

A

-Prefrontal cortex
—Brain imaging studies show there is dysfunction in prefrontal cortex which regulates attention and impulsivity

58
Q

What are the different interventions involved with ADHD?

A

-Stimulants
-Behavior modification and skills training
-Cognitive behavioral therapy: “stop and think”

59
Q

What are the stimulants used in ADHD intervention?

A

-Stimulants: adderall, ritalin, concerta
—Seems counterintuitive but they actually work because they activate the prefrontal cortex allowing the child to have greater use of that part of the brain
—Used during the school year
——Greater chance of lasting over time
—Side effects: stunt growth

60
Q

What is the behavior modification/skills training intervention with ADHD?

A

Skills training: planning, organization, time management skills

61
Q

What is the cognitive behavior therapy intervention with ADHD?

A

-“stop and think”
-Can be effective for children
-Explain to child benefits of stopping and thinking before acting

62
Q

What is oppositional defiant disorder?

A

pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior or vindictiveness (spitefulness)

63
Q

How do you diagnose oppositional defiant disorder?

A

4 symptoms lasting at least 6 months

64
Q

What are the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder?

A

-Frequently losing temper, easily annoyed, angry and resentful, argumentative, defiant, actively defying requests to comply with rules, deliberately annoying others, blaming others for their own mistakes and behaviors
-Feelings of distress are not common

65
Q

What is conduct disorder?

A

repetitive and persistent patterns of behavior in which basic rights of others or major-age appropriate societal norms are violated

66
Q

What are examples of behavior of conduct disorders?

A

-Aggression to people and animals
-Destruction of property
-Deceitfulness or theft
-Serious violations of rules

67
Q

What is aggression to peoples and animals?

A

Forcing others into sexual contact, harming animals

68
Q

What is destruction of property?

A

Deliberately setting fires with intention of causing damage

69
Q

What is deceitfulness or theft?

A

-Breaking into cars, buildings, etc.
-Stealing

70
Q

What are serious violations of rules?

A

Running away from home, staying out at night, etc.

71
Q

What is an important distinction between conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder?

A

Not all children who meet criteria for conduct disorder have antisocial personality disorder

72
Q

What is the criteria for antisocial personality disorder?

A

-Conduct disorder is criteria for antisocial personality disorder
—SImilarity: ignoring or violating rights of other people

73
Q

What is special about conduct and oppositional defiant disorders?

A

-share theories

74
Q

What are the theories for conduct disorder?

A

-Difficult child temperament (innate temperament disposition)
-Unresolved child-parent conflicts
-Overly strictly, punitive parenting
-Psychodynamic

75
Q

What does the innate temperament disposition suggest for conduct disorders?

A

-Difficult child temperament (innate temperament disposition)
—Highly reactive
—DIfficulty adapting to routines

76
Q

Way does the psychodynamic theory suggest for conduct disorders?

A

fixations at the anal stage where child gets too much or too little gratification

77
Q

What are the interventions for conduct disorders?

A

-Interventions: parent and child focused
—Parent training programs
——In behavior modification and effective parenting skills

78
Q

What are enuresis?

A

repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes, involuntary or intentional

79
Q

How do you diagnosis enuresis?

A

-2x a week for at least 3 consecutive months
-At Least 5 years of age

80
Q

What is an important distinction for enuresis?

A

Not attributed to medical condition or substance (medication)

81
Q

What is the treatment for enuresis?

A

-Typically goes away on it’s own with maturation
-Treatment
–Alarm set up in child’s bed that goes off in the middle of the night if bed is wet

82
Q

What is encopresis?

A

repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places, involuntary or intentional

83
Q

How do you diagnosis encopresis?

A

-1x a month for 3 months
-At Least 4 years of age

84
Q

What is an important distinction for encopresis?

A

Not attributed to medical condition or substance

Psychopathology (6 decks)

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