Neuroblastoma/leukemia/terminal Illness Flashcards
What is neuroblastoma
Cancer involving specialized nerve cells which are in valves in the dev of the Ns and other tissues
When are most children diagnosed with neuroblastoma
Younger than 5
Where doe neuroblastoma most often occur
In the adrenal glands in the abdomen
Where can neuroblastoma occur
Adrenal glands Along spinal cord In Ns near spine in neck Chest Abdomen Pelvis
Symptoms of neuroblastoma
Loss of appetite Tired Pain in bones Swollen abdomen High Bp Difficult breathing and swallowing Skin with small blue bumps Weakness and unsteadiness in le
How to diagnosis neuroblastoma
Blood test Urine test Bone marrow test X-ray Ct MRI
What is know as staging
Finding the exact position of the neuroblastoma to see if it’s spread
Stage 1 neuroblastoma
Contained to one area of the body
Stage 2a
Cancer localized surgery can’t remove
Stage 2b
Cancer localized spread to lymph nodes
Stage 3
Cancer spreading to surrounding organs and structures
Stage 4
Cancer spreading to distant lymph nodes, bone, bone marrow, liver, skin, other organs
Stage 4s
Cancer is localized
Spread to liver spleen skin
Kids less that 1 yo
What is metastatic
Cancer spreads to other parts of the body
What is recurrent
Cancer comes bake after initial treatment
Treatment of neuroblastoma
Surgery-if it hasn’t spread
Chemo-for high risk or have spread
Radiation-high risk and spread to several parts of body
When is chemo usually only needed in neuroblastoma
If there are symptoms from the tumor
What is a good risk tumor
Who does it occur in
Tumor that hasn’t spread
12-18 months
What may neuroblastoma turn into or do
May disappear
Turn into ganglioneuroma
Most children within what age are cured of neuroblastoma
Under 12 months
What is the cause of a brain tumor
Unknown
Believed to be chromosomal or developmental
How do you diagnose a Brain tumor
Ct
MRI
What is the first choice when treating a brain tumor
Surgery with radiation
What is the ultimate goal of brain tumor treatment
Eliminate tumor with the fewest st and lt negative side effects
What may occur after surgery for a brain tumor
Problems like hemiparisis or needing a shunt
What is lymphoma
Cancer of the spleen and lymph nodes
What is the 3rd largest group of childhood cancers reported
Lymphoma
What are the two types of lymphoma
Hodgkins
Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
What is Hodgkin’s disease
Cells in the lymphatic system grown abnormally
Presents as painless progressive enlarging lymph node
Where is Hodgkin’s usually found first
In the neck
When do you seen Hodgkin’s
Unlikely before 7
Increases in youths until mid 20’s
Risk factors of Hodgkin’s
Age: 15-40. 55 more at risk Family history Sex: males more likely Comprised immune system Geography: us, canada, Northern Europe more likely. Less common Eastern/Asian countries. Socioeconomic status: more in high ses
Treatment of Hodgkin’s
Chemo
Radiation
Bone marrow transplant
Stem cell transplant
Complications in Hodgkin’s due to treatment
Cardiovascular disease Secondary malignancy Vascular disease Thyroid dysfunction Sterility
Who is nonhodgkins seen most in
3x more in males that females
Most frequent in kids aged 7-10
What is nhl caused by
Abnormal lymphocytes that continue to grow and divide uncontrollably causing crowding in the lymph nodes which leads to inflammation of lymph nodes
Which metastasizes more rapidly and more disorganized
NHL
Symptoms of nhl
Fever Night sweats Weight loss Abnormal pain or swelling Chest pain Extremely itchy skin
Risk factors for nhl
Immunosuppression
Infections
Chemicals- pesticides may increase chance
Age- 7-10 and 60+ for adults
Treatment of nhl
Chemo
Radiation
Stem cell transplant
What percent of kids get complete remission in nhl from multiple drug chemo
80-90
Where are osteosarcoma so found
In the end of long bones such as the leg or arm
Who is osteosarcoma often seen in
Teens
What happens with treatment of osteosarcoma
Rapidly spreads
Resistant to radiation so often amputation followed by chemo
Extensive prosthetic training
Where is Edwigs sarcoma found and in who
In adolescences
In the bones of the trunk, long bones,and skull
Ewing’s sarcoma responds well to
Treatment
Where does leukemia originate
In bone marrow
What is the most common cancer in kids
Leukemia
What is the first type of leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all)
Where do you see acute lymphoblastic leukemia
More in boys
Typical bt 3-4
favorable response e to treatment
Symptoms like childhood illness
What is the second type of leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia (aml)
When is aml diagnosed
What is the prognosis
What is the diagnosable difference
Teen years
Poorer than all
Spongy bleeding gums
Ots role in cancer
Rom Tone Strengthening Reteaching ADL/IADL Fm/gm Cognitive Self esteem/coping
