Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What are congenital limb deficiencies from
Teratogens
Metabolic diseases
Congenital constricting bands
How do people get limb deficiencies
Traumatic
Pathological
Congenital
Malformation of the hands and feet occur in how many lice births
1/600
Amelia
Absence of one or more limbs
Phocomelia
Limb missing proximal portion
Paradisal deficiency
Proximal part of limb developed but medial or lateral side of the limb is missing
Transverse hemimelia
Portion of a forearm or hand or part of all the fingers are missing or portion of distal lower extremity
When do dr want to get prosthesis for ue
6 months of age
When do drs want to get prostheses for Le
12 months
When getting prosthesis consider
Terminal device
Growing child
Ot intervention for limb deficiencies
Bilateral activities
Teach prosthesis application
ADL skills
What is the name for congenital club foot
Talipes equinovarus
What is the incidence for club foot
1 to 2 per 1000
Who is club foot more common in
Boys rather than girls
What is the cause of club foot
Unknown
Could be congenital
Over crowding in uterus
Clinical picture of club foot
Fore foot adduction and supination Heel varus (turned inward) Equinus of the ankle (upward bending on ankle) Medial deviation of foot Bones malformed or underdeveloped Rare paralysis and permanent deformity
Medical management of club foot
Taping
Splinting
Casting
Surgery
Congenital club hand
Partial of full absence of radius and bowing of ulnar shaft
Fractures are classified by
Open or compound
Closed
Green stick
Comminuted
Treatment of fractures
Reduction and immobilization
How long do fractures take to heal
Infants 2-4 weeks
School aged 6 weeks
Adolescents 8-10 weeks
What is arthrogryposis
No progressive condition with multiple joint contractures found throughout the body
How do people kids get amc
Decreased fetal movement cfrom connective tissue disorder, inability to move, maternal infection, drug abuse, trauma
Amc affects how many people
Boys and girls equally
1 in 3000 births
What does the lifespan of amc depend on
Severity of disease
How is amc detected.
How to fix it
In utero
Casting splinting Arom prom stretching surgery
What is osteogenesis imperfecta
Fragile bones that break easily
Other problems in oi
Muscle weakness Hearing loss Fatigue Joint laxity Curved bones Scoliosis Brittle teeth Respiratory problems
Mild cases of oi fractures
Severe
Few fractures
Hundreds fractures
How many people get oi
1 in 20000
What is oi caused by
Mutation on a gene causing problems with type 1 collagen formation
Oi is not caused by
Poor nutrition or too little calcium
Oi between males females and ethnicities
Equal frequency
Most cases of oi are from
Inherited
25% have no history
How to diagnosis oi
Ultrasound
Type 2 apparent less than 20 weeks
Oi prognosis
Diagnosed in utero: most end in miscarriage
Quality of life difficult to predict
Respiratory failure nots common cause of death
No cure
Types of oi
Type 1
Type II
Types III
Type IV
Type 1 oi
Most common
Mild bone fragility, few fractures, minimal limb deformities
Collagen structure normal
Lack fractures at birth
Type II oi
Most severe form Improperly formed collagen Intrauterine fracture common Sclerae dark blue oR blue gray Respiratory and swallowing problem Short limbs small chest soft skills leg like frog
Type III
Most severe from if kids live Severe bone deformity Respiratory swallowing problems Short. Head not relative to body Sclera tinted
Type IV oi
Moderately severe Fracture range in severity Can be diagnosed at birth but often occurs later Sclera tinted but fade Adults shorter than average
Managing o
Avoid activities
Techniques for safe handling and positioning
Energy conservation
Healthy lifestyle
Treatment of oi
cast Splints Wraps Braces Rods Meds Mobility aids
What is scoliosis
Deformity with lateral curvature of more than 10 degrees
Abnormal curvature of spine
Types of scoliosis
Functional scoliosis Congenital scoliosis Neuromuscular scoliosis Syndrome related Idiopathic
Functional scoliosis
Flexible and can be caused by poor posture leg length discrepancy poor postural tone hip contractures or pain
Congenital scoliosis
Present aT birth. Structure is caused by abnormal spinal or spinal cord structure.
Neuromuscular cp
Cp oi op
Syndrome related scoliosis
Marfans
85% of scoliosis cases are
Idiopathic
Infants .5%
Juvenile 10.5%
Adolescent 89%
Symptoms of scoliosis
Uneven shoulders One shoulder blade more prominent Uneven waist One hip higher than the other Leaning to one side Fatigue
Risk factors for scoliosis
Girls more likely
Younger
Curves in middle to lower spine less likely to progress
Spinal problems at birth
Treatment of scoliosis
Surgery if 40-50 degrees
Braces. If 25-40 degrees. Prevent further progression
Underarm
Milwaukee
What is jra
Joint inflammation and stiffness with symptoms lasting more than 6 weeks
When does jra begin. Who does it affect
Children less than 16
Usually 2-4 years old. Common in girls
Cause of jra
Unknown
Maybe predisposed
Maybe triggered by environment
How to diagnosis jra
Med history X-ray Blood test CBC Ana Bone scans Bone marrow examination Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
What is a CBC
Complete blood count. Look at blood cells for abnormalities
What is erythrocytes sedimentation rate
How rapidly blood cells settle to the bottom of a test tube
What is Ana
Antinuclear antibody. Detects if there will be eye disease
Types of jra
Pauciarticular
Polyarticular
Systemic
What is pauciarticular jra
Affects four or fewer joints.
Few to no systemic malformations
Girls under 8,
Knees hips ankles and elbow often affected
Often affects joints on one side of body
Iridocyclitis-chronic eye inflammation
Positive prognosis
Polyarticular jra
Onset at any age More girls than boys Five or more joints affected Small joints of hand, knees, hips, ankles, feet, neck Symmetrical
Systemic jra
Equal male to female Onset at any age Affects whole body Least common High fever Red pale spots Anemia High WBC
Treatment of jra 4 areas
Control inflammation
relieve pain
Prevent or control joint damage
Maximize functional abilities
Treatment of jra
Meds ADLs Adaptive equipment Exercise Seating
Prognosis of jra
Varies
Large percent cover in 1-2 years
About 15% have permanent disabilities
